• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 1996

This study was performed to assess depression/anxiety of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in children and adolescents and to use them as basic material for subdivied ADHD on phenomenological aspects. 51 hospitalized ADHD children and adolescents were assessed using the Korean form of the Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI), Korean Form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAIC). Their data were compared to normal control of 50 mentally healthy children and adolescents in relation with the dermographic characteristic. The mean scores of CDI and STAIC-5(State) of ADHD group were statistically higher than those of the control group(p<0.01 or p<0.05). The mean scores of STAIC-T(Trait) of ADHD group were higher than those of the control group. These results suggest that the authors suggest that ADHD can be subdivide into pure ADHD, depressive ADHD and anxious ADHD by the comorbidity of the depression/anxiety.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.224-232
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• 1996

The present study was conducted to investigate cognitive characteristics of children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit/hyperacidity disorder. Cognitive characteristics were evaluated by using KEDI-WISC, the Basic Achievement Test, TOVA, MFFT, and neuropsychological tests. ADHD group showed significantly lower level of performance in response time for correct responses and presented variability for correct responses in TOVA. Dyslexia and mixed group showed lower performance in Reading I and Reading II, Writing subtest in the Basic Achievement Test than those of ADHD group and in Information subtest of KEDI-WfSC. In order rd determine the diagnostic effectiveness of each psychological tests, discriminant analysis was conducted. In this analysis, 11 subtests of KEDI-WISC and 4 variables of TOVA, 4 subtests of the Basic Achievement Test, and MFFT, WCST were included as independent variables and each diagnostic roups were dependent variables. Discriminant analysis indicated that overall percentage of correct classification was 93.88%. The clinical implifications and limitations of the present study were listed and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1996

Objective : The authors investigated family environemtn of ADHD referred to child psychiatric clinics. Method : Seventy two patients were grouped into pure ADHD and comorbid ADHD. Patient's lither and mother conducted the Korean Form of the Family Environment Scale(K-FES). And then, scores were compared with that of 77 normal controls. Results : Among subscales of K-FES, expressiveness, achievement orientation and organization were scored significantly lower in ADHD mothers' reporting than ADHD fathers' And only organization subscale was scored significantly lower in ADHD fathers' reporting than controls' In post hoc comparison, subscales of expressiveness, moral-religious emphasis and organization were significantly lower in mothers' reporting of pure ADHD and comorbid ADHD than of controls, and only organization subscale was significantly lower in fathers' reporting of comorbid ADHD than of controls. Conclusion : Parents of ADHD patients agreed that their families were not well organized, and each perceived somewhat differently on the family environment. Further study is needed to eludicate whether specific family environment causes ADHD or is caused by behavior of ADITD patients.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of ADHD, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, impulsivity, suicide idea and quality of life as well as burnout of kindergarten teachers for the first time in Korea. Also, it examined the odds ratio with ADHD, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, impulsivity, suicide idea and quality of life between burnout group and the comparison group through logistic regression analysis. A set of questionnaires was provided to a total of 310 participants (80 with higher burnout risk and 230 without burnout risk) from April 2015 to July 2015. All of participants were evaluated using the Korean Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scales, Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Baratte' Impulsivity Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Inventory and Qulity of Life Scale. The results of this study indicated that burnout risk group is related to ADHD and anxiety and impulsivity. For the treatment of burnout in kindergarten teachers, effective evaluation and treatment of ADHD and impulsivity, as well as anxiety, seem to be necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1993

Objective ' The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral characteristics of children with allergic disease Method : In a population of 80 children who were registered at a pediatric allergic clinic in Kangnam St Mary's hospital, parents completed a standardized child behavior checklist (CBCL) to evaluate their children Clinical factors associated with allergy were examined in relation to the rated scores of CBCL Results : Allergic children were rated significantly more aggressive and delinquent, and less withdrawned on the CBCL rating when compared to the age- and sex-matched normal control children. Within the allergic population, children who had family history of allergic disease had higher scores of CBCL in hyperactivity and aggressive behavior than the children without family history. Conclusion : The results were discussed with the respect to familial traits of allergy and temperament as risk factors for the emergence of behavior problems in childhood allergy

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.26-45
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• 1992

This study presents the behavioral and cognitive changes by administration of methylphenidate(MPH) and imipramine(IMI) for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in $5_{1/2}{\sim}12$ years old children referred to child psychiatric clinics. Behavioral changes are assessed with parent's and teacher's ratings. Drug effects on attention. short-term memory, and impulsivity are evaluated with psychological tests in laboratory. The changes were assessed twice in a 8-week periods. The data were analyzed seperately for 15 subjects each drug using repeated measured analysis of variance(ANOVA). The findings indicates that behavioral and cognitive impairments are improved by both drugs, but impulsivity is not. And MPH is superior to IMI on the improvement of attentional problem ; especially the findings indicates important differences between simple task and complex. perceptual-search task. These data confirm the effectiveness of MPH for treatment of ADHD, also raise questions regarding assessment method of attention and impulsivity as fell as importance of impulsivity in ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.139-152
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• 2002

Objectives：This study was conducted to compare the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics by DSM-IV subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) patients who did not have comorbid psychiatric disorders. Methods：5-15 year old children with ADHD were recruited at psychiatric outpatient clinic of Yeungnam University hospital and the patients with comorbidity or neurological abnormalities were excluded. Finally, total 404 children with ADHD were selected for this study. There were 234 subjects of ADHD-C(57.9%), 156 subjects of ADHD-I(38.6%) and 14 subjects of ADHD-HI(3.5%), who fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The mean age of the total subjects was 9.63±2.49 years old. The psychopathology, IQ, behavioral problems, neuropsychological executive function were evaluated before pharmacological treatment. The measures were Korean Personality Inventory of Child(K-PIC) for psychopathology, 4 behavioral check lists(ADDES-HV, ACTeRS, CAP, SNAP) for behavioral symptoms of ADHD, K-ABC and KEDI-WISC for IQ and Conner's CPT, WCST, SST for neuropsychological executive functions. Results：1) The prevalence of subtypes was ADHD-C, ADHD-I, ADHD-HI in decreasing order. There was no sex difference of prevalence among three subtypes. The mean age of ADHD-I was older than other subtypes. 2) There was significant differences of psychopathology among subtypes, the ADHD-C and ADHD-HI had higher than the ADHD-I in the scores of delinquent, hyperactivity and psychosis；the ADHD-C had higher than the ADHD-I in the scores of family relation and autism, the scores of ego resilience were lower than the ADHD-I. However, there was no difference in anxiety, depression and somatization scores among them. 3) The results of behavioral symptom check lists, the ADHD-C had higher the score of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity than the ADHD-I. Meanwhile the results of ACTeRs, which rated by the teachers, were different. 4) There were significant differences of sequential processing scale and arithmetics among subtypes in IQ using K-ABC, but there was no significant difference between the ADHD-C and the ADHD-I after excluding the ADHD-HI due to small numbers. 5) There was numerical difference among subtypes but did not reach statistical significance in three neuropsychological executive function tests. Conclusion：In conclusion, our results revealed that there was significant difference in clinical features among three subtypes but, no significant difference in executive functions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2003

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood and among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-aged children. Children with ADHD experience significant functional problems, such as school difficulties, academic underachievement, troublesome interpersonal relationships with family members and peers, and low self-esteem. The most widely used pharmacological treatments for ADHD are psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine salts. These medications provide clinical efficacy by increasing the availability of catecholamines, primarily dopamine, in the frontal lobe of the brain. immediate-release(IR) formulations of sychostimulants were among the most effective psychotrophic medications in the psychopharmacological treatment. However, there are some limitations of IR formulations：the short half-life and duration of efficacy, which result in the need for multiple daily dosing and the poor compliance. These limitations have led to the development of once-daily, extended-release(ER) formulations of methylphenidate and amphetamine salts. However, these ER formulations may not be as immediately helpful to ADHD children due to delayed onset of action and the acute tolerance which is the failure to sustain the efficacy with the same concentration of drug as the initial stage of medication. OROS-methylphenidate(Concerta$^{\circledR}$) given once a day produces an ascending-pattern plasma drug level generated by the osmotically released, timed drug-delivery system. These new formulations of the psychostimulants have been shown to be a useful alternative to old stimulant medications through the evidence by the clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2021

The objective of this study is to identify the visual function impairment of children with each type of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). The subjects of this study were 49 children diagnosed with ADHD with visual function out of the normal range. The type of ADHD was investigated using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale and visual function test. The attention deficit type(69.4%) of ADHD was the most common type among children with ADHD with vision problems. Although their overall naked-eye visual acuity was good, about 50% of the subjects showed problems with visual function. For those with the attention deficit type of ADHD, the myopia-related refractive error was high. For those with the hyperactivity type of ADHD, the astigmatism-related refractive error was higher. For those with vergence function disorder, convergence insufficiency was the most common. As there were differences in the visual impairment characteristics of children with different types of ADHD, it is necessary to approach a child's problem behavior through examination and screening for visual function disorders.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2019

Objective : This study was designed to find the latest intervention trends in treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in South Korea. Methods : Studies on ADHD published in Korean journals from January 2004 to December 2018 were reviewed. The databases used were DBpia, Google Scholar, RISS, and KISS. The search terms were "attention deficit hyperactivity," "child," and "intervention." A total of 14 studies were selected. The results of this study were as follows: Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome. Results : The level of evidence was the highest in the single subject study of level IV, and the methodological quality was the most common study. The interventional metronome (IM) intervention was the most frequently used, and the evaluation tools used in the measurement were the Long Form Assessment of the Interactive Metronome and the Korean Behavior Child Checklist. The Korean ADHD interventions showed statistically significant improvement in concentration, hyperactivity, task performance, excessive language use, and timing. Conclusions : Various types of interventions were provided for children with ADHD in South Korea. The interventions showed positive effects, and provided basic data for evidence-based implementation in clinical practice. In the future, a model study should be conducted, to establish an effective service delivery system, as well as ongoing research on children with ADHD.