• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate effects of different levels of seleniferous whole crop barley (WCB) supplementation on performance, and blood characteristics as physiological responses in growing pigs. A total of 20 cross-bred pigs ((Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc) were divided into 4 treatments of 5 pigs each and experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. They were fed diets containing 0.1 (non-seleniferous WCB as controls), 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg levels of selenium (Se) by supplementing seleniferous WCB, and non-seleniferous or seleniferous WCB was formulated to 5% level in total ration. The diets were isonitrogenous (18% crude protein) and isocaloric (3,500 kcal/kg digestible energy) across treatments. Increasing levels of seleniferous WCB supplements did not affect feed intake and BW gain, and blood total protein concentration was (p<0.05) significantly higher for 0.2 mg/kg Se treatments than for controls. On d 14, blood albumin concentration was higher (p<0.05) for seleniferous WCB supplemented groups than for control group. Contrarily, blood glucose concentration was tended to be higher for controls than for seleniferous WCB groups. Blood total lipid concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lowered with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase did not have any difference among treatments. It was tended that blood total cholesterol and triglyceride were lowered with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. Blood Se concentration was significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. The results indicate that Se present in seleniferous WCB had favorable effects on blood characteristics and blood Se increased by supplementing seleniferous WCB implies not only a good intestinal absorption of Se present in WCB but also the possibility of Se transfer into tissues.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.466-473
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the reduction in bitter taste and quality characteristics by pretreatments (brining; 1, 5% and blanching; 1, 3 min) in pickled bitter melon, respectively. We prepared picked bitter melon samples at 1%-1 min, 1%-3 min, 5%-1 min, 5%-3 min. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were found to be the highest in 5%-1 min at $14.23{\pm}0.40mg\;CE/g$ (dry) and $4.46{\pm}0.10mg\;RE/g$ (dry), respectively. L-ascorbic acid level was the highest in control samples. Arginine and glutamic acid were increased by brining and blanching. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity were found to be the highest at $43.60{\pm}0.40$ and $44.88{\pm}0.20%$ at 5%-1 min, respectively. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity was the highest at 5%-1 min. The a value was statistically different, whereas L and b values were similar among different pretreatments. Hardness in pretreated samples was decreased as compared to that in the control. Among sensory evaluations, 'color' did not indicate any statistical difference, while 'texture', 'bitterness preference' and 'overall preference' increased with pretreatments, and 'bitter intensity' decreased.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of safflower seed powder on the physicochemical characteristics of ground pork during refrigerated storage. Three types of ground pork were evaluated: 20% pork fat added (PF, control), 10% pork fat and 10% added safflower seed powder (PFS), and 20% added safflower seed powder (SS). The pH increased during storage, but decreased after 10 days of the storage (p<0.05). The pH was lower in PFS and SS than that in PF after 10 days of storage (p<0.05). The TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values increased with longer storage period (p<0.05), and those of PF, PFS and SS were 1.186, 0.686 and 0.577 mg MA/kg, respectively, after 10 days of storage. The $L^*$ values for external color of PF and PFS decreased (p<0.05), but that of SS was not significantly different after a longer storage period. The $a^*$ values decreased (p<0.05), but the $b^*$ values were not significantly different with longer storage period. The $L^*$ values for internal color of PFS and SS decreased (p<0.05), but that of PF was not significantly different with longer storage period. The $a^*$ value of PF decreased (p<0.05), but that of SS increased with longer storage period. The $b^*$ value decreased (p<0.05), but those of PFS and SS were not significantly different with longer storage period. Water holding capacity decreased with longer storage period, and that of SS was the highest (p<0.05). Cooking loss of PFS and SS was not significantly different with longer storage period, and that of PF was the highest (p<0.05). The reduction in diameter of the samples was not significantly different with longer storage period, and that of PF was the highest (p<0.05). Hardness and chewiness of samples increased, but springiness and cohesiveness decreased with longer storage period (p<0.05). Replacing animal fat with safflower seed powder was effective and may be useful as an innovative meat product.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.486-492
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• 2008

We investigated the quality properties of pork jerky prepared with various humectants (Konjac, egg albumin, isolated soy protein). Jerky was prepared as follows; control with no humectants, treatments with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% humectants, respectively. Humectant treatments had higher drying yields of pork jerky than the control (p<0.05), Konjac treatment produced the the highest drying yields among the humectants tested. CIE a-and b-value were lowest in isolated soy protein treatments. b-value in 0.2% egg albumin treatments were higher than other treatments (p<0.05). Jerky water content increased as humectant content increased. Water activity (Aw) in 0.2% Konjac treatments was higher than controls and 0.05% Konjac (p<0.05). In textual profile evaluations, control samples had greater hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness values than other treatments, but very low springiness (p<0.05). Control had significantly (p<0.05) lower scores than the other treatments in sensorial texture, juiciness and overall acceptability. Based on our findings, we conclude that 0.05% Konjac was the most effective humectant among those we tested in this study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.419-426
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different castration ages on meat quality and sensory properties of Korean native black goats over 410 days. For the experiment, 32 heads of goat (eight heads/4 treatment) were subjected to either a control (5 month non-castration), T1 (7 month castration), T2 (5 month castration) or T3 (3 month castration). The total weight gain for Korean native black goats was highest in the T2 group after feeding for 410 days and the weight gain/day tended to be similar to the total weight gain. The total feeding amounts were lowest (410.82 kg) in T3; however, the feed intake ratio was 16.39 in T2, indicating that it had the best feed efficiency among groups. The cooking loss and drip loss of the Korean native black goats was highest in the control, being 35.53% and 2.08%, respectively (p<0.05), while the total cholesterol of the treatments was higher than that of the control (p<0.05). Moreover, the overall sensory evaluation of the treatment groups was low, indicating that there was more meat flavor when compared to the controls in terms of juiciness, tenderness, flavor, texture, black goat off-flavor and overall evaluation (p<0.05). T2 was found to have the best meat flavor upon sensory evaluation. Additionally, the meat color of the control showed the highest $L^*$ value and Hue value, while T3 showed the highest $a^*$ value (3.61) and T2 showed the highest $b^*$ value and Chroma. The composition of fatty acids was 53.76% oleic acid in T2, while the amounts of Mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were highest in T1 and T2 (p<0.05). As a result, the MUFA/SFA ratios of T1 and T2 were higher than those of the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is most advantageous to castrate Korean native black goats at the age of 5 months for the best performance and meat quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.841-846
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis on serum lipid composition of rats fed high fat and cholesterol diets. Fourty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $70{\pm}2.5g$ of 4 weeks old were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks with high fat diet consisting of basal diet plus cholesterol (1%) and lard (10%) for the inducement of hyperlipidemia. The effect of laminaran supplements via drinking waters on serum lipid composition of rat were investigated for 5 weeks by administration of experimental diet group fed basal diet only as normal group, control group fed high fat diet, LL group fed high fat diet plus 0.25% laminaran containing water, and LH group fed high fat diet plus 0.5% laminaran containing water, respectively. As a results of experiments, it was found that LL and LH groups showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight gain and liver weight as compared with control and it may caused by decreased FER. The weight of cecum and adipose tissue (EFP) of LL group showed a significantly (p<0.05) decreased patterns compared with control. It was also found that LL and LH diet groups affects the intestinal length and transit time of rat as significantly (p<0.05) increased in length of intestine and decreased in transit time. In addition, LL and LH diet groups showed a dramatic decrease in triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol, and significant increase in HDL-cholesterol compared with control diet group, by which results in decreased in AI. These results indicate that crude laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis has a strong hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic activities in rat fed high fat and cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.791-799
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of water extract from Rosa multiflora and Rosa multiflora complex on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Experimental rats were divided into four groups, which were composed of normal diet group (N group), high cholesterol diet group (HF group), high cholesterol and 5% Rosa multiflora diet group (HR group), and high cholesterol and Rosa multiflora complex diet group (HRC group). Rosa multiflora complex is composed of Duchesnea chrysantha, Salvia plebeia R. BR., and Sasa borealis. The serum triglyceride (TG) content of the HF group was significantly higher than that of the N group, whereas that of the HRC group was significantly lower. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol contents of the HR and HRC groups were significantly higher than that of the HF group. The serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol contents of the HF group were significantly higher than those of the N group, and especially the atherogenic index of the HRC group was significantly reduced compared to the HF group. The liver TG and total cholesterol contents of the HF group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the HR and HRC groups were significantly decreased compared to the HF group. Fecal total lipid and total cholesterol contents of the HR and HRC groups were significantly increased compared to the HF group. Uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronyl transferase activity of the HR and HRC groups were increased compared to the HF group. Total bile acid contents of the HR and HRC groups were increased compared to the HF group, and that of the HRC group was significantly increased compared to the HF groups. These results suggest that Rosa multiflora supplementation has powerful health benefits due to UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity, bile acid, and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1990

The following conclusions have been obtained with special reference to the walnut marketing system in Cheonwongun districts 1. The marketing channel of walnut in the producing areas was mainly depended on the individual selling by 89.58%. and sale through farmer's coops and forest owner's association by 10.42%, and share of walnut through fatmer's coops was 84.58%. 2. The market structure in assembling stage of walnut can be represented as oligopoly considering the market share of 86.26% derived by CR3 method. 3. Direct selling from producers to consumers would be recommendable to reduce marketing margin considering the 77.20% of sale's dependency on assembler-commisioner. 4. Two major reasons to follow the marketing channel of assembler-commissioner were the convieniency (45.00%) and dealing with small quantity of walnut (20.00%). Let the walnut producers follow the institutional marketing channels such as farmer's coops and forest owner s association, special actions including better conveniency, smaller quantity and the procedures should be improved. 5. Farmer's share of walnut was estimated as 54.93% and total marketing margin was 45.0% of which 36.70% destined to the retail stage. 6. The price index in November was the lowest(83.63) due to the flood and hunger sale and the index in April was the highest(115.74). To cope with the severe price fluctuation and to stabilize seasonal walnut price, sale's in advance, credit supply and provision of storage facilities must be considered in policy-making decision for forest farmers.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.149-162
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• 2000

Coenzyme Q10 is found in all tissues including skin and it is the well-known coenzyme for mitochondrial enzymes. The electron and proton transfer functions of the quinone ring are of fundamental importance for the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate energy in the cells. Coenzyme Q10 has been studied as a potent antioxidant molecule in the skin. It is involved in the skin's response to UVR irradiation. The concentration of this antioxidant in UVR exposed skin is higher than in non-exposed skin. However, recent studies have also shown that coenzyme Q10 is one of the first antioxidants to be depleted when skin is UVR-irradiated. This indicates that coenzyme Q10 is primarily involved in defense mechanisms of the skin. Therefore, we questioned whether coenzyme Q10 shows reulatory effect of melanogenesis. Here we report that coenzyme Q10 inhibits melanin neosynthesis of normal human melanocytes grown in culture, and lightens UVB-induced hyperpigmentation of the guinea pig skin in vivo. We treated human melanocytes with 0.05mM to 0.5mM of coenzyme Q10 for a total of two days. This inhibited melanin neosynthesis of cultured human melanocytes dose-dependently. The inhibitory effect of coenzyme Q10 was as effective as kojic acid or vitamin C on cultured human melanocytes. CoQ10 didn't have direct inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase activity To further clarify the effect of coenzyme Q10 on the melanogenesis, we established UVB-induced hyperpigmentation on the shaved backs of brownish guinea pigs. The UVB intensity was 500mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and the total energy dose was 1,500 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The animals were exposed to UVB radiation one times a week for three consecutive weeks. Coenzyme Q10, kojic acid, Arbutin, vitamin C(1% in vehicle) or vehicle alone as a control were then topically applied daily to the hyperpigmented areas twelve times per week far four successive weeks. The lightening effect was evaluated by visual scoring, chromameter and immunohistochemistry. Coenzyme Q10 had lightening effect on the UVB-induced hyperpigmentation without any other side effects, whereas another compounds showed weak lightening efficacies. Therefore, these results suggest that coenzyme Q10 may be useful for solving physiological hyperpigmenting problems for cosmetic purposes.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.429-446
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• 2018

The $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution, symbolizing the explosive innovation of digital technologies, is expected to have a great impact on labor relations and produce a lot of contested issues. The labor-management issues, created by the $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution, are as follows: (1) employment restructuring, job re-allocation, and skill-reformation, driven by the technological displacement, resetting of worker-machine relationship, and negotiation on labor intensity and autonomy, (2) the legislation of institutional protection for the digital dependent self-employed, derived from the proliferation of platform-mediated labor, and the statutory recognition of their 'workerness', (3) unemployment safety net, income guarantee, and skill formation assistance for precarious workeforce, (4) the protection of worker privacy from workplace surveillance, (5) protecting labor rights of the digital dependent self-employed and prcarious workers and guaranteeing their unionization and collective bargaining. In comparing how labor unions in Western countries have responded to the $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution, German unions have showed a strategic approach of policy formation toward digital technological innovations by effectively building and utilizing diverse channel of social dialogue and collective bargaining, while those in the US and UK have adopted the traditional approach of organizing and protesting in attempting to protect the interest of platform-mediated workers (i.e. Uber drivers). In light of the best practice demonstrated by German unions, it is necessary to build the process of productive policy consultation among three parties- the government, employers, and labor unions - at multi levels (i.e. workplace, sectoral and national levels), in order to prevent the destructive damage as well as labor-management confrotation, caused by digital technological innovations. In such policy consultation procesess, moreover, the inclusive and integrated approach is required to tackle with diverse problems, derived from the $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution, in a holistic manner.