• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2017

This paper presents a theoretical study of transmission performance for optical duobinary transmitters employed a Mach-Zehnder modulator. Especially, we have investigated the performance of the various transmitters for transmitting 25Gbps optical duobinary signals at a wavelength of 1550nm without any dispersion compensation methods over single mode fiber. Due to the characteristics of generating their duobinary signals, each transmitter has a distinct optical power spectrum and an eye opening shape. By these, there was a difference in the dispersion tolerance. We could find a suitable transmitter for 25Gbps transmission considering the structure complexities and the restricted conditions with the simulation results.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2005

We propose an active stabilization method for the receiver of NRZ-DPSK transmission. The 1-bit delayed Mach-Zehlder interferometer is thermally controlled to maintain the largest DC component power ratio between the constructive and destructive output ports, for the optimum transmission condition. This method is very cost effective since no additional components are required. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees error free performance even when there was ~ 1 GHz optical carrier frequency fluctuation in 10 Gbps transmission.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.539-545
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• 2023

초거대 언어모델은 심화된 언어적 이해를 요구하는 여러 분야에 높은 영향력을 미치고 있으나, 그에 수반되는 편향성과 윤리성에 대한 우려 또한 함께 증대되었다. 특히 편향된 언어모델은 인종, 성적 지향 등과 같은 다양한 속성을 가진 개인들에 대한 편견을 강화시킬 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 편향성에 관한 연구는 대부분 영어 문화권에 한정적이며 한국어에 관한 연구 또한 한국에서 발생하는 지역 갈등, 젠더 갈등 등의 사회적 문제를 반영하지 못한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ChatGPT의 내재된 편향성을 도출하기 위해 의도적으로 다양한 페르소나를 부여하고 한국의 사회적 쟁점들을 기반으로 프롬프트 집합을 구성하여 생성된 문장의 독성을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 특정 페르소나 또는 프롬프트에 관해서는 지속적으로 유해한 문장을 생성하는 경향성이 나타났다. 또한 각 페르소나-쟁점에 대해 사회가 갖는 편향된 시각이 모델에 그대로 반영되어, 각 조합에 따라 생성된 문장의 독성 분포에 유의미한 차이를 보이는 것을 확인했다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2007

This study analyzed all of the research articles published in six of the Korean science education journals in the past three decades. The purpose of this research synthesis was to identify gender differences in hundreds of research articles accomplished at the personal, local, and national level that have repeatedly been reported in several international comparative studies. There were few of articles that focused on gender issues, but 279 articles presented a result of gender issues separately. Of the 279 articles, we finally analyzed 225 research articles for a statistical significance. The articles were divided into two types of research method: test-based studies and experiment-based studies. The results of research synthesis in test-based studies were as follows: The largest number of studies reported male superiority in science knowledge and science-related attitude, which is similar to the results of recent international studies. In particular, gender differences were the biggest in science-related attitudes and the least in scientific process skills. The result of research synthesis in experimental studies was that the largest number of articles did not show significant gender differences in the effect of the applied program. It is noteworthy that the applied science education programs tend to be more effective in improving female students' scientific attitude and male students' science knowledge. It is necessary to develop more gender-inclusive science programs for female students to feel science more positively.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.714-729
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• 2016

National citizenship has been empathized by nation-state since modern times. But with recent wave of globalization, the force of national citizenship is gradually reducing. Globalization requires citizens of global citizenship needed in the global village on the one hand, and of cultural citizenship suited in multicultural society on the other hand. The trend shows that the geographical focus of citizenship is shifted or expanded from the political domain to the social and cultural domain. Moreover, with concerns of personal everyday life citizenship is extended from standard personality by Western view to inclusion and exclusion in micro everyday space, non-Western view based on social difference of gender, class, ethnicity etc. New spaces of citizenship, cultural citizenship and everyday citizenship which empathizes personal right and difference is emerging instead of national citizenship based on personal allegiance and duty of the state. This means that the state has not only a task of establishment of common national citizenship, but also a challenge to recognize of diversity of citizens.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-49
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to get answers to following research questions: Who are the busy people in such a speedy society like Korea? How the daily schedules of busy people might look like? What is the priority of activity that appear in their schedules?, And what is the gender difference? The sample of study came form the 2004 Korean Time Diary Data which have been collected by Korean National Statistical Office. The sample consisted of 11,976 married men and women, whose age range from 25-54 (women 49.7% of the sample). Dependent variable was time pressure measured in one item question with 4-likert scale. Socio-demographic factors and the amount of time in work/family role and other relevant activities were considered as well as gender. The results of the study showed us that men perceived more time deficit compared to women. Especially, employed men were the most time poor group, followed by employed women, unemployed women and unemployed men. The results showed that, even though there were similarities in the impact of relevant factors, men's time pressure were tightly linked with their work role and social status, while women's time pressure were responsive to both their role as a mother and as a worker. Nowadays, Korean fathers appear to face new expectation that they need to be involved in family just like mothers do. However, men and women still seems to traverse through different time path, which may create both burden and conflict to either party. Policy implication and detailed suggestions were discussed.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2019

Gender might be interpreted in different roles and meanings depending on social and cultural backgrounds. Based on the premise that understanding of gender may change the direction of mathematics education, this paper confirmed how gender is interpreted in the preceding study of mathematics education in Korea by applying the literature research method. In particular, predictive model based on empirical perspective and gender schema model based on constructivist perspective. Based on the analysis of gender and research methods in cultural and historical composition models based on historical perspectives and postmodernism models based on postmodernism perspectives, this study analyzed trends in domestic mathematics education. As a result of the analysis, it is confirmed that gender is recognized as a biological difference in domestic mathematics education, and that analysis of gender and related elements of mathematics education is mainly used using statistical analysis techniques. This suggests that various approaches to interpreting gender's role in future mathematics education are needed. The existing mathematics education research on gender is composed in terms of gender differences. Since biology at the time did not explain this difference, however, it should now be based on the concept of gender, which is socially defined gender. Accurate understanding of gender and gender can be the basis for clearer understanding and interpretation of gender-related mathematics research.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.52
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• pp.90-110
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• 2010

This study problematizes the youth‘s politico-cultural process of identification as becoming in the context of candle demonstration in Seoul, 2008. We examine their ethical subjectivity, communicative subjectivity and political subjectivity based on our analysis of depth interviews of teenage activists in the candle demonstrations. It is suggested that instead of naming the teens as the historical consequence of so-called 386 generation, or social product in the neo-liberal economic and educational conditions, we need to understand the complexities and dynamics of the youth’s practice of identity politics: subjective pain and anxiety in daily life, creation and sharing of pleasure and fun of peer group comunication are mixed into the pursuit of justice in their social activation of generation/gender politics.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.27-51
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• 2016

This paper is about the NOOMP(Not Out of My Pocket) phenomenon, the inconsistent welfare attitude for an expansion of welfare system and increase of financial resources. By analyzing the scale and influential factors of the NOOMP to the main welfare programs, focusing on the class, gender, and age group, the paper tries to investigate the relationship between the NOOMP and the inherent stratification structure of each programs. This paper uses the Additional Survey of Welfare Attitude in 2013 Korea Welfare Panel Survey. As a result of analysis, low level of NOOMP phenomenon has been observed in welfare programs for whole society members such as health policies, pension, employment policies, compared to those of targeted programs for the poor, aged, or disabled. In addition, high probability of each group of 'low incomer', 'female', and '20s or less'to the NOOMP phenomenon has been appeared, therefore, high relevance of the NOOMP and the stratification structure of welfare programs have been confirmed. These results indicate that the transition to the universal welfare programs and the improvement of welfare programs for more equal structure are needed to reduce the NOOMP phenomenon.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.277-311
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• 2005

본 연구는 여성이 가족과 일을 병행하려 할 때 안게 되는 이중부담의 양과 유급노동시간과 무급노동시간에 영향을 주는 변수들의 차이를 통해 남성과 여성의 시간사용구조를 살펴보고, 이중부담이 노동시간양${\cdot}$노동시간대${\cdot}$노동장소로 나타나는 여성 유급노동시간에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 자료는 통계청의 1999년 생활시간조사 원자료를 이용하였다. 분석결과 맞벌이 가구의 여성은 남성보다 하루 평균 1시간 51분 많은 총노동시간을 가지면서 주당 약 13시간의 이중부담을 가지고 있었다. 이것은 만성과 여성의 노동시간사용구조가 서로 다르기 때문이었다. 즉, 여성은 경제활동에 참여한다할지라도 무급노동시간의 89%를 책임지고 있었으며 여성의 노동시간은 가족상황에 의해 영향을 받는 젠더화된 생활시간사용구조를 가지고 있었다. 또한 기존연구결과와 다르게 가내하청/재택근무, 자영, 무급가족종사와 같은 종사상지위와 미취학자녀의 존재는 여성에게 유급노동시간을 조절하는 기재가 되지 못했고 무급노동시간을 늘리는 역할을 할 뿐이라는 점이 한국사회 여성의 이중부담을 가중시키고 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한 맞벌이가구 여성은 무급노동에의 일차적 책임으로 남성보다 야간유급노동이나 휴일유급노동시간을 줄이고, 단시간노동을 선택하며, 집안에서의 유급노동시간을 길게 하면서 가족생활시간을 확보하는 유급노동시간 조절전략을 사용하고 있었다. 이러한 노동방식은 노동시장에서 여성노동의 불안정성을 만들어내고 주변화시키는 요인이다. 그러나 또 한편으로 서구사회와 비교하면 한국사회에서 여성이 경제활동을 하기 위해서는 광범위한 야간노동과 휴일노동, 장시간노동이라는 남성적 노동조건을 받아들이고 있는 것으로 보인다. 특히 판매/서비스직의 자영자와 무급가족종사자 여성들, 가내하청이나 재택근무를 하는 임금근로자 여성들, 학력이 낮은 기능/조립직과 단순노무직 여성들은 야간노동이나 휴일노동, 집안에서의 유급노동시간이 길뿐 아니라 절대적인 유급노동시간과 무급노동시간도 길게 나타났다. 그러나 미취학자녀의 존재가 이러한 여성적 유급노동시간의 특징에 영향을 주는 것은 아니었다.