• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 2014

Sprayed fire resistive materials are mainly used at steel structures to satisfy fireproof construction standard. However, the regulations on bond strength have been not considered with the exception of structures in the nuclear power plants, although it is an important factor showing material properties. Therefore, this paper suggested guidelines for bond strength of sprayed fire resistive materials used in the substation, by measuring bond strength according to aging of structures and impact loading considering environment of substations. It is judged that the bond strength suggested in this paper is the minimum value because it was measured from specimens widely used.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.04a
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• pp.245-246
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• 2022

Recently, research on the self-healing of concrete using bacteria has been actively conducted. The self-healing method using bacteria has a low self-healing rate and the surrounding environment of the fracture site is very important. A previous study to solve this problem involves the manufacture of capsules using 3D printing. Fracture position control was an important topic in 3D printing-based capsules. In this study, to compensate for the shortcomings of existing studies, a capsule capable of selective destruction location control was produced using PDMS-based molds that are not restricted by the environment. Resin capsules were prepared for each part using several molds and a bonding surface was arranged. In order to verify this on the bonding surface, fracture strength and wave unit values were analyzed through a three-way compression experiment. It can be seen that as the curing time increases, the deviation between samples decreases. In addition, through experiments, it was confirmed that the junction surface and wave unit values coincide in all three directions. It can be used for self-healing research using various solutions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.04a
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• pp.247-248
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• 2022

3D printer-based self-healing capsules have been proposed to heal cracks by enabling various structural designs, repeatable fabrication, and strength analysis of the capsules. The Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM) method was used to design, analyze, and produce new self-healing capsules that are widely used at low cost. However, PLA extruded from FDM has low interlayer adhesion energy, and thus strength varies depending on the angle of load applied to the laminated layer and the concrete structure, thereby degrading the performance of the self-healing capsule. Therefore, in this paper, the structure of the capsule manufactured by the FDM PLA method has isotropic strength was designed. In addition, the fracture strength in the x, y, and z directions of the load applied through the compression test was analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that the newly proposed capsule design has an isotropic fracture strength of 1400% in all directions compared to the existing spherical thin-film capsule.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the design ＆ construction methods of the traditional landscape space of the past and the repair and maintenance of cultural heritages to maintain it today. To this end, the method of narrative description, process extraction and construction related to traditional landscaping were compared to each other based on the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages'. The results are as follows; First, to analyze at the description methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' and related processes in the field of traditional landscaping. 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 was an encyclopedia of the overall construction method of the living space, describing the location, effect, and advantages and disadvantages of each component and presenting quantitative figures to institutionalize the construction of traditional landscaping spaces. 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' presented the entire process of repairing cultural heritages, and it is becoming a kind of guide for reference at the site. Among them, foundation construction, roof construction, landscape construction, and fence construction were drawn as items that could be applied to traditional landscaping areas. Second, the traditional landscape space construction method was divided into the processes of foundation construction, roof construction, landscaping construction, and fence construction. Foundation construction is a way of repeating the process of land-tramping. During the construction of the roof, the tile-roofed building was built on top of the rafters and roofed with tiles. And thatched roof was made to a number of rice straws bundles to cover the roof one after the other. Instead of tiles, the stone roof was made of thin and wide stones, and the wooden boards were used for the single roof and the bark roof were constructed with many layers of dried corrugations. Landscape construction mainly consists of the Paving technique through tramping rubble and the construction of terraced flower by planting stone, plants, and shrubs on the top. According to the building materials, the wall construction was derived from the earth-stacked earthen wall, stone walls using stone and clay, marble walls made of tile patterns, and the construction of a board wall using a wood board as a wall. Third, comparing the construction methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages', 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 focuses on standardizing the construction methods to create a new traditional space. There is a difference in the setting of the scope of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and the construction because 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' provides the overall construction procedure considering the diversity of the cultural heritages. In addition, the traditional landscape space used to be a residential space in the past, but today, the maintenance process of the already established facilities as designated cultural heritages has been carried out, and construction methods have been added to create viewing conditions. In terms of the succession of traditional knowledge, some similar methods were found in the repair of cultural assets today, and some cases were also confirmed in the reconstruction of traditional technologies such as application of some materials or mix, separation of added facilities and introduction of efficient construction methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.34-44
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in perceptions between gardens and park functions as recognized by two groups, Group A and Group B, in order to confirm the distinction between concepts and functions and then establish the importance of individual functions. The AHP was used to analyze the importance of each group's perceptions by dividing them into garden and park, Group A and non-Group A, respectively. In Group A, the importance of garden functions were considered in descending order of importance to be cultural function, ecological function, and social function. In the general group, ecological function, cultural function, and social function also appeared, but in a different order of importance. As for the park functions, Group A recognized the importance of functions in a similar order of importance to the gardens: cultural function, ecological function, and social function. Group B thought that social function, ecological function, and cultural function have the same significance. At the major classification level, Group A and Group B emphasized the social function of the parks. Group A recognized the importance of the garden's cultural function as the most important, whereas the general group emphasized the importance of the garden's ecological function. As for the mid-class level, Group A recognized the aesthetic beauty, health, ecological environment protection, and water circulation as important functions of the garden. For Group B, the ecological environment protection, aesthetic beauty, water cycle, and health were important. The concepts and functions of gardens and parks are still largely mixed but are gradually becoming differentiated. As a follow-up study, it is important to systematically manage the functions of gardens by establishing design, construction, and monitoring DB techniques for the garden type and examine the hierarchy of various other gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the design and construction methods of movable Pavilions. Through the literature analysis, the setting up of the construction background, location and direction, size and composition, materials and construction methods were analyzed. The results are as follows; First, the movable pavilion is designed to enjoy a wide range of views. It was a creation that reflected the way in which the ideal life was pursued based on the experience of enjoying scenery rather than owning one's own house and running a pavilion. Second, the formation of movable pavilion was intended to enjoy the scenery by season without restrictions on time and place. It can also relieve the hassle of having to move tools to enjoy the wind every time. Third, the movable pavilion faces to a place with good scenery and determines its position and direction. Most of them were built on a small scale and divided the space for viewing the scenery, playing GO(Baduk), writing poems, and playing musical instruments. Also, wood was used mainly. To reduce the load, roofs and walls were constructed with light materials such as bamboo, straw, thick sheet of oil, and cotton cloth. The construction method was mainly used by the method of fastening for easy coupling and dismantling. When a building was constructed on the upper part of a ship or cart, the wooden structure of a regular pavilion was constructed. Fourth, when comparing the design and construction characteristics of ordinary pavilion and movable pavilion, the movable pavilion is easy to see for contrast purposes, so there is no limit to setting the location and direction. Instead, more stringent systems and techniques were called for, because as mobility forces should be considered, structurally measures to withstand loads, and they should satisfy their function and form as pavilion.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.112
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• pp.38-41
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• 2009

인천경제자유구역 내의 중앙공원이 2009년 9월에 준공하여 일반시민들에게 개장되었다. 센트럴파크는 동고서저와 강으로 대변되는 한반도의 지형적 특색을 담고 있으며 동고서저는 구릉이 있는 산책로와 낮은 잔디밭으로, 강은 수로로, 다도해 남해는 인공 섬이 있는 수변 공간으로 연출돼 있으며 인공으로 조성된 수로에는 수상택시가 다니고 있다. 지하에는 2,700여대가 추자할 수 있는 주차장을 공원과 분리하여 조성하였고 수로주변에는 보행자 산책로, 자전거도로 등이 조정되고 추후 공원 내 박물관 및 생태관이 조성될 예정이다. 센트럴 파크는 인천광역시 송도동 24-5번지 일원에 위치하고 있으며 면적은$411,319m^2$, 사업기간은 2007. 2. 1 ~ 2009. 7. 31, 사업비는 1,900억원(공원 1,200억원, 주차장 700억원)정도이며 주요시설로는 해수 수로, 수상택시 및 무빙스테이지, 지하주차장, 조각원, 정형식 정원, 초지원, 보트하우스, 비지터센터 등이 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.797-800
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• 2008

The pre-mixed concrete shotcrete, which can pre-bag the shotcrete materials and thus can save considerable labor activity, will be developed through extensive experiments. The proposed pre-mixed High performance Shooting concrete system included hydro-demolition will be verified though field tests in actual repair and rehabilitation construction sites. This research was on developing of the High performance Shooting concrete by evaluation of site application by field test using new automatic Hydro-demolition and Shotcrete equipment.

• 주택과사람들
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• no.54 s.71
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• pp.185-206
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• 1996

1.건설제도의 국제화와 경쟁기반 구축 $\bullet$건설산업을 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$사후관리 등 전 분야에 걸쳐 경쟁력 있는 산업으로 육성-기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$시공$\cdot$감리$\cdot$유지관리 등 건설산업 전반에 관한 기본사항을 법제화-대규모 공사의 경우 발주자를 대신하여 건설공사의 기획$\cdot$설계$\cdot$발주$\cdot$감리$\cdot$시공관리 등 업무의 전부 또는 일부를 종합적으로 조정$\cdot$관리하는 $\lceil$건설사업관리$\rfloor$제도를 도입 $bullet$건설공사 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입을 통한 하도급제도의 정비-전문건설업자로부터 하도급, 위탁, 고용 등의 형태로 공사에 참여하는 현장근로자를 신고 받아 권익을 보호하고 시공책임도 부과하는 $\lceil$현장실명제$\rfloor$도입 $\bullet$공사완성보증제, 손해배상보증제도를 도입하고, 신용상태 $\cdot$시공능력에 따라 보증 요율 등을 차등화 하여 부실업체를 배제 $\bullet$건설공사관련 각종 계약서와 시방서 등 제기준을 정비하여 발주자$\cdot$시공자 등 건설주체간의 역할과 책임을 명확화$\bullet$건설분쟁을 신속하고 객관적으로 조정$\cdot$중재하기 위하여 $\lceil$건설분쟁중재원$\rfloor$으로 확대 개편 2. 건설인력의 육성과 고용안정$\bullet$경쟁력 제고의 관건인 우수인력 확보를 위하여 대학교육 제도의 개선을 포함한 건설 인력 수급대책을 추진 - 대학의 건설관련 학과 정원을 2000년까지 매년 일정규모로 증원하여 고급기술 인력을 배출 현재 50$\%$에 불과한 건설관련 국가기술자격자를 2000년에 70$\%$까지 제고 - 감리 등 전문인력을 양성하고, 선진외국 감리 회사를 활용하여 국내 업계와의 경쟁을 유도 $\bullet$건설현장의 최일선에서 품질을 담당하고 있는 건설기능공의 고용안정과 복지향상을 위한 획기적인 대책을 마련 - 건설기능공의 자긍심과 사회적 책임의식을 고취하기 위해 기능공이 여러 현장을 전전하여 근무하더라도 경력관리, 공제금 등의 합산 관리가 가능하도록 $\lceil$건설 근로자 복지카드$\rfloor$제도를 도입 *$\lceil$건실시연구단$\rfloor$을 구성$\cdot$구체적인 운영방안을 수립 - 건설 업체 실정에 맞는 현장위주의 기능검정제도 도입 $\cdot$자격증이 현장에서 요구되는 기능수준과 숙련도를 제대로 반영할 수 있도록 검정방법을 현장 실기위주로 개선하고 자격검정업무도 건설협회 등의 자격 검정능력을 향상시켜 위탁$\cdot$시행하는 방안을 검토 3. 공사시행기관의 전문성과 책임성 제고 $\bullet$시장이 개방되어 건설공사가 국제적인 관행에 따라 이루어질 것에 대비하여 시행기관에 계약$\cdot$공사관리 등 전문직공무원을 집중 교육하여 양성 $\bullet$ 조달청이 대행하여 공사계약을 하는 경우라도 설계변경은 발주기관이 자체적으로 할 수 있도록 허용 $\bullet$ 기술직 공무원의 기술향상을 위하여 관련 공무원의 확충, 해외연수, 현장교육 강화 등을 지속적으로 추진 $\bullet$ 충분한 사전조사를 거쳐 사업계획을 수립하도록 $\lceil$건설공사 시행절차$\rfloor$를 규정 $\bullet$ 공사기간 3년 이상의 공사에 대하여는 최대한 계속비사업으로 편성토록 계속비제도의 운영을 활성화 4. 건설현장의 품질관리체제 구축 $\bullet$ 현장배쳐플랜트 설치를 확대하여 레미콘의 품질관리를 일원화하고 현장에서 레이콘을 배합하는 건식공법을 채택 - 현장레미콘생산시설(B/P)설치 확대로 콘크리트 하자에 대한 책임한계 일원화 유도 - 레미콘 재료인 골재$\cdot$시멘트$\cdot$물을 공장에서 혼합하여 공급하는 현행 습식배합 대신에 물만을 현장에서 혼합하는 건식 배합방식을 도입 $\bullet$철강재$\cdot$철구조물의 품질을 보증하기 위하여 일정기술을 갖춘 공장에서만 제작토록 하는$\lceil$공장인증제$\rfloor$를 도입 - 제작시설과 품질관리 등을 심사하여 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 제작공장을 등급화하고 등급에 따라 철강재 등의 제작업무 범위를 차등화 $\bullet$시설물에 대하여도 시공업체가 사후관리를 일괄 책임질 수 있도록 $\lceil$시공 및 유지관리 일괄계약제도$\rfloor$를 도입 - 대형교량$\cdot$소각로$\cdot$하수처리장 등 유지관리에 전문성이 요구되는 분야부터 시범적으로 도입 $\bullet$건설자재의 표준화$\cdot$정보화사업을 조속히 추진 5. 건설업체에 대한 지원 강화 $\bullet$일부 공공사업자의 경우 관행화되어 있는 대금일부의 어음 또는 채권지급방법을 단계적으로 축소 $\bullet$매월 감독이나 감리원의 기성확인에 의하여 시공자에게 공사대금을 직접 지급토록 하는 등 대금 지급절차를 간소화 6. 민간 건축물에 대한 안전확보 $\bullet$충실한 설계가 이루어지도록 제도를 개선 - 설계도서 작성기준을 제정하고 다중이용시설에 대하여는 건축심의단계에서 구조검토 등 설계심의를 의무화 $\bullet$대형다중이용시설에 대한 감리 강화 - 감리전문회사 수준의 감리체제로 전환하고 감리대가도 공공수준으로 인상하고 적용요율대로 지도$\cdot$감독 강화

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of such erosion control measures as sowing, planting and small earth structures on the soil and vegetation. In order to study the changes in soil and vegetation, 36 plots were surveyed from 1981 to 1982 in the large erosion control area which is restored last 20 years. The factors which were measured included vegetation coverage, tree growth, number of species, soil depth, soil consistancy, and Chemical properties of soil. The results were as follows; 1) Maximum coverage of the overstory and understory was attained 7 years after the initiation of erosion control. So the overstory need to be tended and pruned. 2) Diversity of species increased until age 6 after which it began to decrease. 3) In order of tree growth, black locust was the fastest, followed by siberian alder and pitch pine. The initial growth of black locust, though the best among the 3 tree stop., decreased rapidly year by year. At the same time, siberian alder and pitch pine grew well until 12 and 6 years after the initiation of erosion control respectively. 4) Fifty percent of the initially planted trees died within 8 yeard. The mortality of siberian alder occurred until the 20th year while the mortality of pitch pine stopped after 10 years. Thereafter 500 trees per hectare were maintained. 5) The soil depth in A and B horision increased by 2cm annually during 20 years. The soil consistency also decreased rapidly until 7th year. The physical soil properties of the rehabilitated areas were improved after the 14th year. 6) The soil pH tend to decrease from 5.3 during the first year to 5.1 during the twentieth year. 7) The organic matter and nitrogen content in the soil were increased by fertilization but after 20 years these nutrients are still deficient for normal tree growth. 8) The phosphorous content in the soil was high in the first year but the longer the period after the initiation of erosion control the lese the content of phosphorous. 9) The biomass of black locust was the highest and increased continuously. The biomass of siberian alder on the contrary decreased from the 15th year because the number of trees in this place was very low. The total biomass in the twentieth year after erosion control initiation was 105.7 ton per hectare.