• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of visual activation and quantitative analysis of regional cerebral blood flow. Visual activation was known to increase regional cerebral blood flow in the visual cortex in occipital lobe. We evaluated that change in the distribution of $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ (Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime) to reflect in regional cerebral blood flow. Materials and Methods: The six volunteers were injected with 925 MBq (mean ages: 26.75 years, n=6, 3men, 3women) underwent MRI and $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT during a rest state with closed eyes and visual stimulated with 8 Hz LED. We delineate the legion of interest and calculated the mean count per voxel in each of the fifteen slices to quantitative analysis. The ROI to whole brain ratio and regional index was calculated pixel to pixel subtraction visual non-activation image from visual activation image and constructed brain map using a statistical parameter map (SPM99). Results: The mean regional cerebral blood flow was increased due to visual stimulation. The increase rate of the mean regional cerebral blood flow which of the activation region in primary visual cortex of occipital lobe was $32.50{\pm}5.67%$. The significant activation sites using a statistical parameter of brain constructed a rendering image and image fusion with SPECT and MRI. Conclusion: Visual activation was revealed significant increase through quantitative analysis in visual cortex. Activation region was certified in Talairach coordinate and primary visual cortex (Ba17),visual association area (Ba18,19) of Brodmann.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.560-569
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• 2016

Purpose The purpose of this study was not only to explore the factors associated with the survival of OHCA(Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest), but to provide ideas for improving the operation of emergency medical system in Korea. Method 90,734 OHCAs(Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest) with a cardiac etiology, who had been transported by 119 EMS ambulances for seven years from 2006 to 2012 in Korea, were analyzed. The data had a multilevel structure in that patient's survival in the same region is interrelated, so two-level (patient-region) logistic regression analysis was applied to adjust this correlation. Results The adjusted OR in group who were given CPR(Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) by a bystander were 1.40 for survival to discharge. In addition, the adjusted OR in the group with an implementation of AED (automated external defibrillator) before arriving in hospital was 2.98 for survival to discharge. we categorized some continuous variables (number of emergency physician, OHCAs volume fo hospital, area deprivation level) into five quintiles. The adjusted OR in the number of emergency physician compared with Q1(lowest) was 1.29(Q2), 2.89(Q3), 3.39(Q4), 4.07(Q5), respectively. the adjusted OR in OHCAs volume of each hospital compared with Q1(lowest) was 2.06(Q2), 3.06(Q3), 3.46(Q4), 4.36(Q5), respectively. Lastly, the adjusted OR in deprivation level compared with Q1(least deprived area) was 0.72(Q4), 0.64(Q5) so that the adjusted OR of survival to discharge tended to decrease in more deprived districts. Conclusion The survival to discharge was better significantly in group given CPR by a bystander and with the implementation of AED before arriving in hospital. The survival to discharge tended to be significantly better in hospitals with a larger number of emergency physicians and higher volume of OHCAs in less deprived districts.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2000

Purpose :The effect of PTK inhibitors (herbimycin A and genistein) on the induction of radiation-induced apoptosis in Ph-positive KS62 leukemia cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods :K562 cells in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a linear accelerator at room temperature. For 6 MV X-ray irradiation and drug treatment, cultures were initiated at 2×106 cells/mL. The cells were irradiated with 10 Gy. Stock solutions of herbimycin A and genistein were prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). After incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 0$\~$48 h, the extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL assay. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation and drug treatment was also determined with flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to monitor bel-2, bel-X$_{L}$ and bax protein levels. Results :Treatment with 10 Gy X-irradiation did not result in the induction of apoptosis. The HMA alone (500 nM) also failed to induce apoptosis. By contrast, incubation of K562 cells with HMA after irradiation resulted in a substantial induction of nuclear condensation and fragmentation by agarose gel electro-phoresis and TUNEL assay. Genistein failed to enhance the ability of X-irradiation to induce DNA fragmentation. Enhancement of apoptosis by HMA was not attributable to downregulation of the bel-2 or bel-X$_{L}$ anti-apoptotic proteins. When the cells were irradiated and maintained with HMA, the percentage of cells in G2/M phase decreased to 30$\~$40$\%$ at 48 h. On the other hand, cells exposed to 10 Gy X-irradiation alone or maintained with genistein did not show marked cell cycle redistribution. Conclusion : We have shown that nanomolar concentrations of the PTK inhibitor HMA synergize with X-irradiation in inducing the apoptosis in Ph (+) K562 leukemia cell line. While, genistein, a PTK inhibitor which is not selective for p210$^{bcr/abl}$ failed to enhance the radiation induced apoptosis in KS62 cells. It is unlikely that the ability of HMA to enhance apoptosis in K562 cells is attributable to bel-2 family. It is plausible that the relationship between cell cycle delays and cell death is essential for drug development based on molecular targeting designed to modify radiation-induced apoptosis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1997

Purpose : To clarify the clinical findings, laboratory findings and disease course of EP complicated with CAPD and to find out possible predisposing factors to EP. Methods : The medical records of 34 children who underwent CAPD at our hospital between Jan. '94 and Dec. '96 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical features and laboratory findings of EP were analyzed, and several parameters were evaluated as predisposing factors of EP. Results : EP developed in 7(21%) out of 34 patients. The major symptom of EP was turbid peritoneal fluid without fever, abdominal pain or disturbance of drainage in all cases. The microbiologic culture studies of the peritoneal fluid resulted negative in all cases. Patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia before insertion of CAPD catheter had higher risk of EP than those without eosinophilia (P=0.002). And peripheral blood eosinophilia, noted after insertion of hemodialysis catheter in cases with previous hemodialysis before CAPD, showed significant correlation with the occurrence of EP (P=0.016), too. However, there was no significant correlation between peripheral blood eosinophilia noted after insertion of CAPD cathter and the occurrence of EP. Identification of eosinophils in peritoneal fluids was more accurate with cytospin analysis. Conclusions : An early and accurate diagnosis of EP in patients with CAPD can prevent unnecessary treatment of antibiotics. Peripheral blood eosinophilia before insertion of CAPD catheter is one of the predisposing factors of EP. And, cytospin analysis of peritoneal fluid is an accurate method for diagnosis of EP.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2007

Purpose : We studied the value of clinical signs, laboratory findings and $^{99m}technetium$ dime-rcaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan in predicting the presence of vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in children with first febrile urinary tract infection(UTI). Methods : A retrospective analysis of 84 hospitalized children with first febrile UTI was performed. They underwent DMSA scan and voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) during the acute phase, and were divided into three groups according to the results of the VCUG: absence of VUR, mild(grade I-II) and severe VUR(grade III-V). We studied the relation of VUR to age, gender, fever duration, causative organism, white blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein and result of DMSA scan. Results : Among 84 patients, 6 had mild and 17 had severe VUR. Thirty-eight had abnormal DMSA scan. results Patients with VUR were older than those without VUR(P<0.01). There was a lower probability of infection with Escherichia coli in patients with severe VUR than in those with mild and absent VUR(P<0.01). An abnormal DMSA scan correlated with the presence and severity of VUR(P<0.05). Severe VUR was present in 10.9% of patients with normal DMSA scan. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the DMSA scan in predicting the presence of VUR were 69.6%, 63.9%, 42.1%, and 84.8%, respectively. Conclusion : An abnormal DMSA scan correlated to the presence and severity of VUR, but the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the DMSA scan were low. There-fore, patient with an abnormal DMSA scan requires a VCUG. In order to prevent missing the 10.9% of patients with severe VUR but normal DMSA scans, a VCUG should be performed in patient with normal DMSA scan.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.484-491
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• 1995

It is well known that hepatobiliary agent are taken up by metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) as well as primary HCC. But the reported cases of the extrahepatic metastasis of HCC diagnosed by hepatobiliary scintigraphy are for the most part hematogenous ones. The relation of the uptake pattern of hepatobiliary agent in the primary and metastatic HCC is also still remains unknown. So we undertook this study to evaluate the relation of the hepatobiliary scintigraphic patterns of primary and metastatic HCC with different metastatic routes. Nine patients with primary HCC and twelve cases of metastatic HCC including four lung metastases, one bone metastasis, one right atrial metastasis, one peritoneal wall metastasis, and five lymph node metastases were studied with $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ scintigraphy. The images were taken on 10, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4-6 hours. The overall detection rates of hematogenous metastases(lung and bone) is 60%(3 of 5), direct metastasis(right atrium and peritoneal wall), 100%(2 of 2) and lymphatic metastases, 0%(0 of 5). In four of five metastatic cases demonstrated with hepatobiliary scintigraphy, biliary agent is also taken up by primary HCC lesions. And the appearing time of the radioactivity in the direct metastatic HCC lesioin is same as that of primary HCC and in the cases of hematogenous metastasis, earlier than that of primary HCC. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is more useful in the diagnosis of the metastatic HCC than primary HCC, in the cases of hematogenous and direct metastasis.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.41-53
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• 2016

Stability of the braced earth wall in the composite ground, which is composed of the jointed base rocks and the soil strata depends on the earth pressure acting on it. In most cases, the earth pressure is calculated by the empirical method, in which base rocks are considered as a soil strata with the shear strength parameters of base rocks. In this case the effect of the joint dips of the jointed base rocks is ignored. Therefore, the calculated earth pressure is smaller than the actual earth pressure. In this study, the magnitude and the distribution of the earth pressure acting on the braced wall in the composite ground depending on the joint dips of the base rocks and the ratio of soil strata and base rocks were experimentally studied. Two dimensional large-scale model tests were conducted in a large scale test facility (height 3.0 m, length 3.0 m and width 0.5 m) by installing 10 supports in a scale of 1/14.5. The test ground was presumed with the base rock ratio of the composite ground of 65%:35% and 50%:50% and with the joint dips for each base rock layer, $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$, respectively. And then finite element analyses were performed in the same condition. As results, the earth pressure on the braced wall increased as the base rock layer's joint dips became larger. And earth pressure at the rock layer increased as the rock rate became larger. The largest earth pressure was measured when the base rock rate was 50% (R50) and the rock layer's joint dips was $60^{\circ}$. Based on these results, a formular for the calculation of the earth pressure in the composite ground could be suggested. Distribution of earth pressure was idealized in a quadrangular form, in which the magnitude and the position of peak earth pressure depended on the rock ratio and the joint dips.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-57
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• 2000

Objectives : The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of subacute treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(paroxetine and sertraline) on immobility in the forced swim test(FST) and on FST-induced changes in immune parameters of the mice. Methods : Authors applied a modified method of FST by Porsolt et al. Over 5 BALB/c mice were used for each group of experiments. To explore the changes in immune parameters by FST, authors investigated the production of anti-rat RBC antibody, concanavalin A(ConA)- or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated splenocytes proliferation assay and cytokine gene expression. Results : Both paroxetine and sertraline decreased the duration of immobility in a dose-related manner. FST-performed mice showed a significant decrease in mitogenic responses of splenocytes and a slight increasing tendency in anti-rat RBC antibody response. All these responses were attenuated significantly by paroxetine and attenuated nearly nominal significance level by sertraline. The cytokine profiles of ConA-stimulated splenocytes from FST-performed mice showed stronger expression of IL-4 and weaker expression of IL-2 than control mice, and no changes in the expressions of IFN-$\gamma$ and lymphotoxin. IL-6 and IL-10 were not expressed in both group of mice. The pretreatment of paroxetine and sertraline attenuated the altered cytokine expressions in FST-performed mice to some extent. Some alterations of the expressions of IL-6 and IL-10 were observed in the mice which the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors had been pretreated. Conclusion : The subacute treatment of paroxetine and sertraline attenuated the FST-induced behavioral and immune changes, and these serotonin reuptake inhibitors may exert some modulating effects on the immune system by the induction of cytokine gene expression, especially IL-6 and IL-10.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.893-903
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on physico-chemical properties and nutritional components of chicken meat. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: control (basal diet), T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), T2 (3%), and T3 (5%). Broiler chicks in each group were slaughtered at 7 weeks of age, and their breast and thigh meat were collected. Lightness ($L^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) in the T2 and T3 groups were higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The loss of breast meat during cooking was increased in the T1, T2, and T3 groups, and the water-holding capacity of the breast meat was also decreased in these three groups (p<0.05). The water-soluble protein solubility was lower in the T1, T2, and T3 groups than in the control group (p<0.05), but the salt-soluble protein solubility in these three groups was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). The crude fat content of the breast meat was decreased and that of the thigh meat was increased as the level of FVM was increased (p<0.05). The unsaturated fatty acid content of the breast meat was higher in the T2 and T3 groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The free amino acid content was high in the T1, T2, and T3 groups compared to the control. In conclusion, these results showed that feeding with 3% and 5% FVM increased the L and b values in thigh meat, improved the salt-soluble protein solubility, and increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids and free amino acids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.657-661
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• 2001

Osteoporosis that is associated with ovarian hormone deficiency following menopause (postmenopausal osteoporosis) is by far the most common cause of age-related bone loss. Isoflavone has been reported as a natural substance that possibly minimizes bone loss in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted to investigate the preventing, treating effects of isoflavone on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. 120 Sprague Dawley rats of 13 week-old were devided into 2 groups, a treatment group and prevention group. Each group was consisted of six subgroups; control (CON), sham operated (SH) or ovariectomized (OVX) and isoflavone supplemented goups: OVX+0.25mg isoflavone/kg diet (OL), OVX+0.8mg isoflavone/kg diet(OM) and OVX+2.5mg isoflavone/kg diet(OH). to study the preventing effects of isoflavone on bone loss, OL, OM and OH groups were fed with isoflavone from 4 days after ovariectomization. Treating effects of isoflavone on bone metabolism were investigated with OL, OM, OH groups supplemented with isoflavone from 8 weeks after ovariectomization. Isoflavone supplementation continued for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after ovariectomization significant increase in alkaline phosphatase occurred comparing with CON and SH group. By isoflavone supplementation from 4 days after ovariectomy alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were lowered and bone mineral density, bone strength of the femur and tibia and bone dry weight were slightly enhanced with no significant difference. Isoflavone supplemented group at the level of 0.8mg/kg diet (OM group) had significantly lower serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and higher strength of femur than OVX group. Groups with isoflavone supplementation fro 8 weeks after ovariectomy had lower level of serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline than OVX group. Bone mineral density, bone dry weight and bone strength of the femur and tibia were slightly enhanced by isoflavone supplementation. However there was no significanct difference between OVS ad isoflavone supplementation groups. The results suggest that isoflavone might have potential role for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. Isoflavone supplementation at early stage of postemenopause may be beneficial to age-related bone health.