• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 2003

Bulla is an air-filled space within the lung parenchyma resulting from deterioration of the alveolar tissue. Molecular mechanism of the formation of the bulla is not well described. Fibroblast growth factor(FGF)-7, bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) receptor, and transforming growth factor(TGF)-$\beta$ receptor are known to have a stimulatory or inhibitory role in the lung formation. We investigated to see if these growth factor or cytokine receptors are involved in the bulla formation by immunohistochemical staining of bullous lung tissues from patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Material and Method: Bullous lung tissues were obtained from 31 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax, including 30 males and 1 female from 15 to 39 years old. The bullous tissues were obtained by video-thoracoscopic surgery and/or mini-thoracotomy and fixed in formalin. Blocks of the specimens were embedded with paraffin and cut into 5-6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thick slices. The sections were deparaffinized and hydrated and then incubated with primary antibodies against FGF-7, BMP-RII, or TGF-RII. Result: Of the 31 patients, 24 were TGF-RII positive including 18 strong and 6 weak positives. Observation with high magnification showed that strong immunostaining was detected in the boundary region between bullous and normal lung tissues. In contrast, all of the sections were negative with FGF-7 or BMP-RII antibodies. Conclusion: These results suggest that overexpression of TGF- P RII may be involved in the formation of bulla, although further molecular studies are needed to find out more detailed molecular mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2022

This study investigated the immunostimulatory effect of enzymatic porcine placental hydrolyzate (EPPH) in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated rats. This effect of EPPH prevented Cy-induced decreases in body, spleen, and thymus weights and natural killer (NK) cell activity. The numbers of immune cells, such as white blood cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes, and mid-range absolute counts were significantly higher compared to the control group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-12, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were notably reduced by Cy, while EPPH prevented these effects. Histopathological analysis of spleen samples revealed the protective effect of EPPH against Cy-induced immunosuppression. The findings demonstrate that EPPH can alleviate immunosuppression by cell viability, tissue damage, and regulation of the levels of cytokines. EPPH may have value as a component of immunostimulatory agents or an ingredient in functional foods.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.520-524
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• 2002

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Stachys Sieboldii MIQ as a new natural antitumor agent or immunomodulator. To obtain the above objectives, Stachys sieboldii MIQ was extracted with ethanol. Stachys sieboldii MIQ accelerated mouse spleen cell growth, but inhibited FM3A/S°-cell growth. However, no significant difference was found for CD4+ / CD8+ cells. The growth rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were accelerated more than those normal mouse group. Stachys sieboldii MIQ fed mice showed a significant enhancement of IL-2 receptor expression, increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Stachys sieboldii MIQ also stimulated the production of NO by peritoneal macrophages and the production of NO by and the growth of mouse spleen cells. On the other hand, lung localization of Bl6Fl0 melanoma cells was inhibited by ethanol extract of Stachys sieboldii MIQ. These results show that Stachys sieboldii MIQ is a useful new functional antitumor agent or immunomodulator.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1987

This study was to observe the changes of blastogenic responses of splenic Iymphocytes to T-cell mitogens, N. fcwleri Iysate and concanaualin A, and serum antibody titer during the course of experimental PAM in mice. Naegleria fcwleri, strain 0359, was cultured in the CGVS medium axenically and inoculated intranasally with $7{\times}10^4$ trophozoites for the development of experimental PAM in mice. The amoebae were subjected to ultrasonication and centrifuged at 20,000g for 60 minutes, and filtered through $0.2{\mu\textrm{m}}$ filter membrane. The supernatant, N. fcwleri Iysate, was used as T-cell mitogen, and antigen for ELISA. The serum antibody was examined by ELISA using peroxidase conjugate. Two hundred ${\mi}l$ of $10^6$ splenocytes in RPMI 1640 containing 0% fetal calf serum were added to each well of a microtiter plate. To each well was added T-cell mitogens, $100{\mu}g/ml$ of N. fowleri Iysate or $4{\mu}g/ml$ of con. A, and the plates were incubated for 42 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator. Cultures were pulsed with of $methyl-(^3H)-thymidine$ 6 hour before harvesting. The mean blastogenic response of the splenocytes to N. fewleri Iysate was reduced, whereas that to con. A was also reduced up to on day 11 after infection. Both of these results were statistically significant compared with those of uninfected control group. The serum antibody titers were increased gradually up to day 15. The results indicated that there was an impairment of the blastogenic response of splenocytes to N. fowleri Iysate during the acute course of experimental PAM in mice.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.171-172
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• 2015

질염 환자의 질분비물 도말에서 광학현미경상에서 고배율로 관찰한 결과 정상 상피세포에서는 질내 정상 pH를 유지하기 위해 무수한 젖산균의 존재를 확인할수 있었다. 그러나 저배율, 고배율의 광학현미경상에서 진균에 감염된 세포 주변에서 젖산균(lactobacilli)은 관찰되지 않았다. 주사전자 현미경 상에서 Candida albicans는 기능을 탈락한 상피세포의 세포질에 기생하며, biofilm의 성장환경을 만들며, budding을 통해 2차 딸세포를 형성하며, 성장과 증식을 끊임없이 반복함을 확인하였다. 성장과 재생이 주기적으로 일어나지 않은 면역력이 약화된 임산부나, 호르몬의 부족으로 인한 위축성 질염 환자는 상피세포층이 떨어지면서 나오는 글리코겐을 이용해 질내에 존재하는 lactobacilli균이 젖산을 풍부하게 만들 수 없으므로 감염증 발생이 더 높아진 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1082-1089
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• 2007

Serological anlysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) has led to identification of several categories of new antigens recognized by the immune system of cancer patients, which are referred to as the cancer immunome. We analyzed normal testis cDNA expression libraries with serumobtained from non-small lung cancer patient and isolated 40 distinct antigen designated KP-LuT-1 through KP-LuT-40. Among these antigens 20 antigens were previously identified by SEREX analysis of other tumor types, and 20 out of 40 antigens (50%) did not match entries in Cancer Immunome Database and were considered newly identified antigens. Sequencing analysis showed that the anti-gens comprised 26 functional known proteins and 14 noble/uncharacterized gene products. Of these, the hypothetical protein KP-LuT-6 was shown tissue-restricted. RT-PCR showed it to be expressed strongly only in normal testis. In addition to normal tissues-restricted expression, KP-LuT-6 mRNA was detected in lung tumor samples(3/l0), stomach tumor samples(3/l0), and breast tumor samples(l/5), whereas not detected in colon tumor samples(O/I2). These data suggest that KP-LuT-6 is a cancer/testis (CT)-like antigen as a potential target for cancer immunotherapies.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2002

The immune activation activities of ethanol, ethanol : water(1 : 1,v/v) and water extracts from Dendropanax morbifera Lev. were compared. The crude extracts showed relatively low cytotoxicity as less than 26% by using human normal liver cell(WRL-68). For example, the ethanol extract inhibited. in MCF7 and Hep3B cells in adding 1.0 mg/mL ethanol extracts. The growth of human immune T and B cells was enhanced up to $1.22{\sim}1.27$ times by adding the crude extracts. These are a trend of increasing secretion of $cytokines(IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha})$ from human B/T cell for 6 day cultivation. It was found that the immune activation activities of the crude extracts seemed to be higher than those obtained by using other solvents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immuno-stimulatory activity of the high-molecular-weight fraction (HMWF) of Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) extracts obtained by ultrafiltration in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and to assess its immuno-stimulatory effect in mice. Ultrafiltration was performed with polyethersulfone membranes (30 kDa cutoff) in a cross-flow filtration system to obtain the HMWF of CW. The results showed that the HMWF increased the production of various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide in dose-ependent manners. In addition, HMWF treatment increased the relative spleen weight as well as splenocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. Natural killer (NK) cell activity in the HMWF-treated group was significantly increased compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that the HMWF of CW can support the immune system through secretion of macrophage cytokines, thereby enhancing NK cell activity and murine splenocyte proliferation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.429-435
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• 2023

Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal infection, maternal stress, and environmental risk factors during pregnancy increase the risk of brain development abnormalities associated with cognitive impairment in the offspring and increase susceptibility to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Several animal models have demonstrated that maternal immune activation (MIA) is sufficient to induce abnormal brain development and behavioral defects in the fetus. When polyinosine:polycytodylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is commonly used in maternal immune activation animal models, was introduced into a pregnant dam, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activity was observed in the offspring's brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that play a mediating role in the central nervous system, and they are responsible for various functions, such as phagocytosis, synapse formation and branching, and angiogenesis. Several studies have reported that microglia are activated in MIA offspring and influence offspring behavior through interactions with various cytokines. In addition, it has been reported that they play an important role in brain circuits through interactions with neurons and astrocytes. However, there is controversy concerning whether microglia are essential to brain development or lead to behavioral defects, and the exact mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, for the potential diagnosis and treatment of brain developmental disorders, a functional study of microglia should be conducted using MIA animal models.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2012

In order to determine the functional benefits of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in the immune system, we examined the immunomodulatory activities of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in an immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice model. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, and then administered orally with 3% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of 50% ethanol extract of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ (CM 30, CM 100, and CM 300, respectively) for 12 days. Mice treated with CM displayed significantly increased splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity compared to immunosuppressed control mice (p<0.05). The spleen cells isolated from mice treated with CM also displayed increased production of Th1 cytokines, including IL-2, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, suggesting enhanced cellular immunity in response to CM. However, CM had no significant effect on the production of IL-4 and IL-10. These results indicate that $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ enhances immune function by promoting immune cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production.