• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.365-408
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to compare efficiencies, two stage efficiencies, and the reduction of economic growth due to the restraint of $CO_2$ and fossil fuel in two efficiency approach by pointing out the limit of traditional efficiency approach and introducing material balance approach. The efficiencies under the traditional approach and the material balance approach report significant gaps when they are analyzed in detail. Especially, in case not including fossil fuels, the low income countries show the bad performance of production efficiencies, but OECD and high-middle income countries reveal the better performance than that of the low countries. It fails to reflect the reality justly. Based on the material balance approach, the low income countries report the higher performance and the alleviated effect of environmental components for economic growth than OECD's.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

The types and processing characteristics of traditional non-alcoholic beverage and their historical backgrounds were surveyed through the old literatures published from the 8th century to 1940. A total of over 70 different names of beverages were found in the literature. They were classified into 10 groups according to their processing methods and quality characteristics; Sunda (green tea), Yusada (tea analog with/without green tea), Tang (boiled herb extract), Jang (lactic acid fermented rice beverage), Suksu (rice tea), Mium (cereal gruel), Misik (roasted cereal powder), Sikhe (sweet rice beverage saccharified with malt), Sujonggwa (ginger-fruit drink) and Hwachai (fruits drink). In the old literatures, there was non exist clear distinction between Jang, Tang, Chong and Tea. Lactic acid fermented rice beverage seemed to be a common drink in Silla and Koryo periods (AD. 600-1400), but disappeared afterwards and completely forgotten today. Other beverages are maintained until today with almost identical methods of preparation as described in the literatures written in the 18th century.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.505-513
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• 2014

Modern metal craft is losing our tradition and personality with simple expressive methods and limited techniques without artistry with the purpose of mass production. In order for development of modern metal craft and to succeed our unique culture, there is a need to consider traditional craft techniques that have been delivered since the ancient. Inlay craft requires high concentration and technology, and it is typical traditional metal craft techniques that show contemporary culture and ideas well. the period of the Three States was the time when inlay technique was introduced the first, and it can be seen in Baekje, Gaya and Silla. Furthermore, when inlay craft is applied for modern metal craft, a possibility was found to grant artistic expression and historical value of our unique artistic expression and historical value. For this purpose, it is expected to establish development of modern metal craft and our unique individuality firmly when continuously seeking practical measures that can accept contemporary crafts and expanding opportunities of education to learn traditional techniques.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.115-138
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the main components of economic growth and the effects of environmental factorson productivity by comparing traditional productivity growth and environmentally-adjusted productivity growth in 28 Chinese regions based on growth accounting analysis. To do this, we measured the shadow prices of SOx for the 28 Chinese regions. This study found that the annualized growth rate of output in the 28 Chinese regions was almost 10.07% for 1999-2005, though the growth rate was higher in the eastern region than in the middle and western regions. The average traditional productivity was 3.58%, again with the eastern region showing the highest level. The average environmentally-adjusted productivity of the three regions was about 3.56%, which is similar to the level of traditional productivity. This implies that activities regarding pollution reductions in the 28 Chinese regions have not been practiced, even though environmental regulations have been strengthened. Therefore, the regional and central governments should strengthen environmental regulations and strictly enforce them.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.523-530
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• 2008

The phase changes and variations of elemental contents in hematite medicinal mineral were investigated by a traditional processing operation including heating and quenching in vinegar. Hematite was processed at $650^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$ through at least 5 processing cycles. Metal extraction tests in water were carried out with the processed hematite. Heating and quenching in vinegar could not change the phase of hematite. The effect of this traditional method was not clear because there were no variational trends between extracted elements and the number of processing cycles at $650^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$. However, the traditional processing operation of heating and quenching in vinegar was very effective to change the hematite mineral towards soft and easily crushing medicinal material.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.147-178
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• 2018

In this thesis, the author elaborates on how acceding to the Eurocentric paradigm-driven dichotomy of the premodern vs. modern engenders a logic bottleneck that debilitates academic efforts to explore the formation of the Korean constitution. Following this logic, the author will add credence to the belief that though the West may have had an influence on the formation of Korean democracy, the institution Korea enjoys today is a result of proactive and self-driven interpretation of those influences through the lens of local tradition. This insight is a prerequisite to understanding the spirit of Korea's First Constitution as a result of Koreans creative translation of Western democracy and Republicanism in the Korean context, and one whose roots lie deep in Confucian Great Harmony Thought. Through this, the thesis aims to offer insight into how Confucian Great Harmony Thought can shed light on the historical background of the spirit of Korea's Constitution.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.47-52
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• 2018

Named Entity Recognition is a system that extracts entity names such as Persons(PS), Locations(LC), and Organizations(OG) that can have a unique meaning from a document and determines the categories of extracted entity names. Recently, Bi-LSTM-CRF, which is a combination of CRF using the transition probability between output data from LSTM-based Bi-LSTM model considering forward and backward directions of input data, showed excellent performance in the study of object name recognition using deep-learning, and it has a good performance on the efficient embedding vector creation by character and word unit and the model using CNN and LSTM. In this research, we describe the Bi-LSTM-CNN-CRF model that enhances the features of the Korean named entity recognition system and propose a method for constructing the traditional culture corpus. We also present the results of learning the constructed corpus with the feature augmentation model for the recognition of Korean object names.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.119
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• pp.1-33
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• 2017

This article explore the relation between meritocracy and democracy in the context of South-Korea's confucian modernity. It starts with the confirmation that South-Korea's confucian-meritocratic tradition has positive influence on democracy, in similar way as in the western countries where meritocracy was as a basis for democracy evaluated. But meritocracy has not always the positive implication for democracy. This article shows that meritocracy is in its essence 'an ideology of the betrayal' which destroy the basis of democracy through producing and justifying extreme socio-economic inequalities between citizens. But the long confucian-meritocratic tradition of East Asia makes meritocracy ideology attractive for the people, so even the temptation of the 'political meritocracy' is strong, as we see in Singapore and China. This article argues that the political meritocracy cannot be the alternative of democracy, seeks the different way to overcome the crisis of democracy than meritocracy indicate. Finally, it discusses shortly which implications this sort of relation between meritocracy and democracy for the future of South-Korean democracy can have.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.30-35
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• 2011

This study investigates the optimum section properties of newly developed steel-concrete composite beam. For that purpose we developed computer program calculating section properties. The suggested new beam section highly contribute to save inter-story height and reduce construction duration and cost compared with conventional steel works such as H-beam and column + RC slab system. But the section shape have different section modulus with upper and lower fiber because of the unsymmetric cross section. Therefore the parametric study on thickness-ratio of top and bottom flange plate is needed. In this paper the change of neutral axis and section modulus for thickness-ratio of up and down flage plate is analysed and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.208-223
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• 2019

In this study, it was analyzed first the views of nature of elementary and middle school students using the analysis framework of the views of nature that reflects the results of the literature analysis on the traditional views of nature that Koreans traditionally have. Next, it was analyzed characteristics of the views of nature which elementary and secondary school teachers. Finally, it was discussed the implications of the results of analysis of students' and teachers' views on science education in elementary and secondary schools. For this purpose, the framework for analysis the views of nature was reconstructed by combining the characteristics of Korean's traditional views of nature (Lee & Son, 2017) with the framework developed by Cobern and his colleagues (Cobern, Gibson, & Underwood, 1995). And in order to analyze in depth how students and teachers perceive nature, each question was asked to write a reason why they thought about their responses. According to the study, students and teachers respected nature and viewed it as a living creature, and had the view that nature was cyclical and that humans and nature interacted with each other. And they also had a traditional Korean view of nature that they consider naturalness important and nature is beautiful. It can be said that this is different from the view of Western modern science which perceives the world as a material and see nature with the view of linear time. Therefore, Korea's traditional views of natures, which students and teachers have, can be a conflict with the view of modern science in science class. Therefore, the science teaching strategy for students and teachers with different natural views will require consideration of the individual's understanding of nature and lesson strategies related to it. And it is also necessary that science textbook and science class cultures need to actively interact with teachers and students, and between students to share and understand each other's view of nature, and create a science class culture that considers the values students have and views on nature.