• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2014

A DC resistivity survey was performed to detect anomalies beneath concrete pavement. A set of high conductive media and planar electrodes were used to lessen the effect's a high contact resistance of concrete. Results of the resistivity survey were analyzed and compared with those of other geophysical surveys such as Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), Impulse Response (IR), and Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), which were carried out in the same location. The results of resistivity survey showed a high resistive distribution in the section of sink and pavement where a pattern of reinforcement was observed through the GPR survey. Also, a comparison of results between the IR and resistivity surveys indicated that the high resistivity was produced by the high dynamic stiffness in the reinforced section. The co-Kriging of both the results of DC resistivity and MASW surveys at the same location showed that an integrated geostatistical analysis is able to give more accurate description on the anomalous subsurface region than can a separate analysis of each geophysical approach. This study suggests that the integrated geostatistical approaches were used for a decision-making process based on the geophysical surveys.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2002

Objectives: This study is aimed at measuring psychophysiological responses using a biofeedback system in healthy people to obtain basic normative data for biofeedback research and treatment. Methods: Ninety-six healthy volunteers (55 males and 41 females : average age $30.4{\pm}8.0$) without any history of major medical or psychiatric illnesses participated in this study. Psychophysiological responses were assessed using the ProComp+ and BioGraph program (ver. 2.1) with regard to forearm and frontal electromyography (EMG), electrodermal response (EDR), and skin temperature. They were measured in 3 phases (baseline, stress, and recovery phases), respectively. Beck depression inventory and Spielberger state and trait anxiety inventory were used to measure mood states. We compared psychophysiological responses according to age and gender differences, respectively and examined the relationship between mood states and psychophysiological measures. Results: People in their twenties showed higher EDR levels in the 3 phases than those of other age groups. Female subjects showed higher frontal EMG levels in the 3 phases compared with male subjects. There was no significant correlation between biofeedback measures and mood states in these subjects. Conclusion: We present normative data of psychophysiological responses measured by a biofeedback system in healthy people. These results suggest that gender and age should be considered as important variables in assessing psychophysiological responses using a biofeedback system.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.168-185
• /
• 2015

The thermal-hydrological-mechanical (T-H-M) behavior of rock mass surrounding a large-scale high-temperature cavern thermal energy storage (CTES) at a shallow depth has been investigated, and the effects of hydrological conditions such as water table and rock permeability on the behavior have been examined. The liquid saturation of ground water around a storage cavern may have a small impact on the overall heat transfer and mechanical behavior of surrounding rock mass for a relatively low rock permeability of $10^{-17}m^2$. In terms of the distributions of temperature, stress and displacement of the surrounding rock mass, the results expected from the simulation with the cavern below the water table were almost identical to that obtained from the simulation with the cavern in the unsaturated zone. The heat transfer in the rock mass with reasonable permeability ${\leq}10^{-15}m^2$ was dominated by the conduction. In the simulation with rock permeability of $10^{-12}m^2$, however, the convective heat transfer by ground-water was dominant, accompanying the upward heat flow to near-ground surface. The temperature and pressure around a storage cavern showed different distributions according to the rock permeability, as a result of the complex coupled processes such as the heat transfer by multi-phase flow and the evaporation of ground-water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.08a
• /
• pp.351-352
• /
• 2011

그래핀(Graphene)은 2차원 평면구조의 $sp^2$ 탄소 결합으로 이루어진 물질이다. 일반적으로 그래핀은 탄소 원자 한층 정도의 얇은 두께를 가지면서 강철의 100배 이상 높은 강도, 다이아몬드보다 2배 이상 뛰어난 열 전도성, 그리고 규소보다 100배 이상 빠른 전자이동도 등의 매우 우수한 특성을 지닌다. 그래핀을 합성하거나 얻는 방법에는, 기계적 박리법(Micro mechanical exfoliation), 산화흑연(graphite oxide)을 이용한 reduced graphene oxide(RGO)방법과 탄화 규소(SiC)를 이용한 epitaxial growth 방법 등이 있지만, 대 면적화가 어렵거나 구조적 결함이 큰 문제점이 있다. 반면, 탄화수소(hydrocarbon)를 탄소 공급원으로 하는 열화학 기상 증착법(Thermal chemical vapor deposition, TCVD)은 구조적 결함이 상대적으로 적으면서 대 면적화가 가능하다는 이점 때문에 최근 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 방법이다. TCVD를 이용, 니켈, 몰리브덴, 금, 코발트 등의 금속에서 그래핀 합성연구가 보고되었지만, 대부분 수 층(fewlayer)의 그래핀이 합성되었다. 하지만, 구리 촉매를 이용하는 것이 단층 그래핀 합성에 매우 효율적이라는 연구결과가 보고되었다. 구리의 경우, 낮은 탄소융해도(solubility of carbon) 때문에 표면에서 self limiting 과정을 통하여 단층 그래핀이 합성된다. 그러나 단층 그래핀 일지라도 면저항(sheet resistance)이 매우 높고, 이론적 계산값에 비해 전자이동도(electron mobility)가 낮게 측정된다. 이러한 원인은 구조적 결함에서 기인된 것으로써 산업으로의 응용을 어렵게 만들기 때문에 양질의 단층 그래핀 합성연구는 필수적이다[1,2]. 본 연구에서는 TCVD를 이용하여 구리 포일(25 ${\mu}m$, Alfa Aeser) 위에 메탄가스를 탄소공급원으로 하여 수소를 함께 주입하고, 메탄가스의 양과 합성시간, 열처리 시간을 조절하면서 균일한 단층 그래핀을 합성하였다. 합성된 그래핀을 $SiO_2$ (300 nm)기판위에 전사(transfer)후 라만 분광법(raman spectroscopy)과 광학 현미경(optical microscope)을 통하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 열처리 시간이 증가할수록 촉매로 사용된 구리 포일의 grain size가 커짐을 확인하였으며, 구리 포일 위에 합성된 그래핀의 grain size는, 구리 포일의 grain size에 의존하여 커짐을 확인하였다. 또한 동일한 grain 내의 그래핀은 균일한 층으로 합성되었다. 이는 기계적 박리법, RGO 방법, epitaxial growth 방법으로 얻은 그래핀과 비교하여 매우 뛰어난 결정성을 지님이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 면적이 넓으면서도 결정성이 매우 뛰어난 양질의 단층 그래핀 합성 방법을 확립하였다.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.265-282
• /
• 2008

Based on the site characterization works in a low and intermediate level waste(LILW) repository site, the numerical simulations for groundwater flow were carried out in order to understand the groundwater flow system of repository site. To accomplish the groundwater flow modeling in the repository site, the discrete fracture network(DFN) model was constructed using the characteristics of fracture zones and background fractures. At result, the total 10 different hydraulic conductivity(K) fields were obtained from DFN model stochastically and K distributions of constructed mesh were inputted into the 10 cases of groundwater flow simulations in FEFLOW. From the total 10 numerical simulation results, the simulated groundwater levels were strongly governed by topography and the groundwater fluxes were governed by locally existed high permeable fracture zones in repository depth. Especially, the groundwater table was predicted to have several tens meters below the groundwater table compared with the undisturbed condition around disposal silo after construction of underground facilities. After closure of disposal facilities, the groundwater level would be almost recovered within 1 year and have a tendency to keep a steady state of groundwater level in 2 year.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2020.06a
• /
• pp.368-368
• /
• 2020

최근 초대형화 되어 나타나고 있는 이상홍수와 지진 등에 의한 저수지 붕괴와 같은 대규모 비상상황 발생으로 하류지역 주민의 생명과 재산의 피해가 발생하고 있다. 국내의 경우 1996년 이후로 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 이상홍수로 인해 1998년에는 40개,1999년에는 5개의 소규모 저수지가 붕괴되었으며 최근 2013년과 2014년에도 저수지가 붕괴되는 상황이 발생했다. 댐붕괴의 원인은 구조물의 자연적 노화, 극심한 강우나 홍수, 지진, 제체전도, 파이핑, 침윤발생, 월류 및 파랑 등에 의한 자연적 상황 등이 요인이 될 수 있으며, 시공결함, 사고 또는 전쟁과 같은 인위적인 요인으로 발생할 수도 있다. 과거에 설계 및 시공기술이 부족하였거나 경제적인 이유로 부실하게 건설되어 있는 댐이 세계적으로 산재되어 있어 잠재적인 위험을 상당수 내재하고 있는 실정이다. 본연구는 댐의 점진적인 파괴에 의해 발생하는 유출수문곡선을 구하고 파괴의 성질을 예측 및 홍수파를 수리학적으로 추적하기위해 BREACH 모형과 DAMBRK 모형을 사용했으며 극한홍수(PMF)조건과와 최대지진발생(MCE)조건을 적용하여 원주시 관내 저수지 붕괴 모의 시나리오를 구축했다. 저수지 붕괴에 따른 유출수문곡선을 유도하기 위해서 본 연구에서는 기존의 EAP보고서 자료를 참고하여 붕괴지속시간, 붕괴부 평균폭, 붕괴부 측벽면 경사의 변화에 따라 다양한 모의를 수행함으로써 발생되는 붕괴부 유량 수문곡선을 도출하여 각각의 조건들이 붕괴파 형성에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 저수지의 붕괴시 첨두유출량에 민감한 영향을 주는 인자는 붕괴지속시간과, 붕괴부 평균폭으로서 이들 값이 붕괴유출량 변화에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 최대지진발생(MCE)조건 해석결과 홍수류의 범람으로 인해 홍수파가 하류측으로 진행할수록 완만히 감소하며, 하천 중·상류부 인근 제내지로 홍수류의 범람이 발생하는 것으로 검토되었으며, 극한홍수(PMF)조건 해석결과 최대지진발생(MCE)조건과 같이 홍수파가 하류측으로 진행할수록 완만히 감소하는 특성을 보이며, 하천 전체 구간에서 인근제내지로 홍수류의 범람이 발생하는 것으로 검토되었다. 본 연구는 침수구역 피해규모 산정 및 비상대처계획도를 작성시 기초데이터가 되어 상황별 피해예상지역에 대해 응급행동요령, 주민대피계획비상대처계획을 수립하여 지역 주민생활에 안정을 기여하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.49
• /
• pp.53-92
• /
• 2024

The abbot of Gobulseonwon Monastery (古佛禪院) in Chungju has disclosed his monastery's possession of materials such as an allegedly handwritten copy of Daesoon Jeongyeong (The Canonical Scripture of the Great Itineration) and Cheonsimgyeong (The Scripture of the Heavenly Mind), gasa (Lyric) collection books, and old letters, and subsequently, investigative research reports and monographs were also published. According to Gobulseonwon Monastery, their copy of Daesoon Jeongyeong was reported to have been written in 1910. In addition, they consider their copies of Cheonsimgyeong, gasa collection books, and old letters to be closely related to Jeungsan (甑山), with the possibility that their copy of Cheonsimgyeong was directly written by Jeungsan. For context, the object of faith in the gasa collection books is Jeungsan, and the old letters describe situation that were contemporary during Jeungsan's time. However, the gasa collection book, To be Learned with True Spirit, is a collection of nearly 20 songs that encourage enlightenment, and Cheonsimgyeong is likely to have come from the Jeondoju (Transmitted Dao-Incantations) used in ritual practices, rather than having been handwritten by Jeungsan. The 36 examples of old letters contain ordinary events in daily life. As such, these materials are not specifically related to Jeungsan. The copy of Daesoon Jeongyeong kept by the monastery was transcribed by Lee Yang-Seop, who resided in Jangseong, Jeonnam, in 1957, and it is significant as it includes various religious gasa such as Chaeyakga and Jeseshinyakga. The materials of unknown origin are especially worthy of attention. The materials preserved in Gobulseonwon Monastery are valuable materials related to various Korean new religions such as Gyeongjeongyudo and various Jeungsan-inspired religions. It is necessary to find the true nature of these materials, and this line of research will contribute to the study of Korean new religions.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.21-34
• /
• 1982

One hundred and twenty-one strains each of Escherichia coli isolated from stools of 60 patients who received various antimicrobial drugs in hospital for more than one week and apparently healthy 60 students who have no history of taking antimicrobial drugs during recent one month, were tested for their resistance to 13 antimicrobial drugs. The frequency of resistance strains was highest to tetracycline with 69.2%, and followed by streptomycin(Sm), sulfisomidine(Su), chloramphenicol(Cm), ampicillin(Ap), and carbenicillin(Cb) in the decreasing order, ranging from 61.2% to 39.3%. Strains resistant to kanamycin(Km), cephaloridine(Cr), and trimethoprim(Tp) occupied about one-fourth of strains, and only four strains were resistant either one or more of nalidixic acid, gentamicin and amikacin, and no strain was resistant to rifampicin. The frequency of resistant strains to Cm, Ap, Km, Cr, and Cb was much higher among patient isolates than student strains, but strains resistant to the other drugs showed almost the same frequencies between patient and student isolates. There was a marked difference in average minimum inhibitory concentrations of between resistant and susceptible strains, suggesting that the resistance to drugs is the plasmid origin. Seventy-six percent of strains were resistant to one to 10 drugs tested, and no much difference was observed between strains from patients and students. However, strains resistant to four or more drugs were much more frequently found among patient isolates than student strains, with the increasing tendency of multiply resistant strains among patient isolates following the increase in the number of resistant drugs. The transfer of drug resistance by conjugation was tested and 98 strains(67.5%) among 145 which were resistant to two or more drugs were found to transfer their drug resistance to E. coli. Among 74 strains resistant to 7 or more drugs, all except one transferred the resistance, and the number of strains with transferable resistance decreased, as the number of resistant drugs decrease. A R plasmid from randomly selected p13 strain was tested for the incompatibility group, and the plasmid was classified into Inc F II. R plasmM DNA bands were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 1974

Eighty percent of Gangweon-Do area is mountain forests, and of all others this province has the largest number of "Hwajeon-farmers" (who illegally reclaim the mountain forests to do farming as long as the soil is fertile enough to yield profit, but when it fails, move to other places to repeat the same forest burning, causing tremendous forest damages). In 1965 a 7-year plan was mapped out to exterminate this gipsy-farmers only to be suspended in 1969 to give way to the stronger urge from the national security view-point to first displace those isolated farmers set in deep mountains. In the meantime an increased number of the Hwajeon-farmers burned the forests, working new havoc. To cope with the situation, the provincial government lounched another 4-year plan in 1973 and has been enforcing the resettlement policy with renewed enthusiasm. Whether the plan will succeed depends entirely on the authority involved can solve the problems listed below with regard to the Hwajeon-farmers who are to lose their only means of survival and move down to the low-lands: 1) Their living must be taken care of until they can have definite means of self-supporting. 2) They must be provided with the opportunity to work in connection with the government-sponsored labor programs. 3) Not only the public organizations but also the private firms must give them the priority to get work. 4) The rural revitalization movement must expand the self-help reconstruction projects to absorb their labor powers. 5) The Hwajeon-farmers themselves must have the spirit of self-help and self-supporting. 6) All the citizens in the province must receive and protect them with brethren love. 7) The function of the watch-posts against the Hwajeon-farmers must be strengthened again.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.142-160
• /
• 2023

The position of the people who participated in the Bapyo Ritual held in the reign of King Sejong and the corresponding costumes were examined. The king, who was the executive body of the ritual, wore Myeon-Bok, a court dress, and Myeon-Bok was Gujang-Bok made of Jang-wha on Guryu-Pyeongcheongwan. Crown princes, royal families, and government officials wore Oryang-Gwan and Jekraeui, which were Jobok. The crown princes' Joboks were changed from Oryang-Gwan to Wukryang-Gwan in the dynasty year 10 of King Sejong, and in the year of King Munjong's accession, Myeon-Bok was received, and after King Danjong, the crown princes wore Palryu-Pyeongcheongwan and Chiljang-Bok. Diplomats and Jongsagwan who were the envoys wore Sangbok. A Sangbok worn by the diplomat was Samo with Danryeong, Seo-Dae, and Hyeopgeum-Hwa, and a Sangbok worn by Jongsagwan was Samo, Danryeong, Heukgak-Dae, and Heukpi-Hwa. Byulgam, who served as an attendant to the king in the king's close quarters, wore Gongbok and Sangbok. Gongbok consisted of Ja-Geon, Danryeong and Heukpi-Hwa, and Sangbok consisted of orange color Cho-Rip, Jikryeong, Joa, and Heukpi-Hwa. The person holding San, Gae , Sujeongjang, and Geumwolbu wore Ja-Geon and Cheong-Ui, and Seon wore Pimoja and Hong-Ui. Siwigun wore armor and helmets equipped with weapons. Among court musicians, Aksa's costumes consisted of Bokdu, Bigongbok, Geumdonghyeokdae, Bibaekdaedae, and Opiri, and Aksaeng's one composed of Gaechaek, Bisuransam, Hyupgo, Mal, Maldae, and Opiri. As a result of the above, the process of ceremonial clothes becoming uniform clothes in the reign of King Sejong was confirmed. The king and lower-ranking officials such as crown princes, government officials, diplomats, Byulgam, armies for ceremonial weaponry, and court musicians participating in the Bapyo Ritual wore the highest grade of ceremonial clothes for each class. King Sejong had repeated discussions to build a nation based on Confucianism, and arranged each rite and corresponding costume, and the Bapyo Ritual costume was also systematically prepared for each position. The ceremonial clothing organized during the reign of King Sejong was regulated in Yejon and became the basis for continuing to the late Joseon Dynasty.