• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2013

DSSCs electrical characteristics and efficiency fabricated with different tape casting thickness Pt counter electrodes and different thickness between $TiO_2$ photo electrode and Pt counter electrode substrate were studied. 1 layer Pt counter electrode shows 3.979% efficiency. Efficiency increased as tape casting thickness decreased. The lowest open-circuit voltage was a 0.726 V and the highest short-circuit current was a 2.188 mA on 1 layer Pt counter electrode. On the different thickness between two substrates, the lowest open-circuit voltage 0.712 V and the highest short-circuit current 2.787 mA was measured at $60{\mu}m$ surlyn film thickness and it shows the highest value of 5.067% efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2005

실리콘 기판 위에 100nm의 선폭을 갖는 선들이 일정한 간격을 가지고 연속적으로 배열되어 있는 구조를 형성시켜 보았다. PMMA가 코팅되어 있는 실리콘 기판위에 전자빔으로 패턴을 하였고, 건식에칭을 통해 구조물을 형성한 후 원자 현미경으로 관찰하였다. 이러한 나노구조물의 구현은 전자빔 패터닝시에 전자빔이 실리콘 기판에 충돌할 때 나타나는 backward scattering과 proximity 효과 등의 영향으로 인해 pitch의 크기가 작아질수록 구현하기가 쉽지 않았다. 화합물반도체 단일 나노선 소자를 제작하여 소자의 전기적 특성을 측정할 때, 나노선 표면에 있는 자연산화막은 금속전극과 나노선 사이의 전기전도특성을 저해하는 요소로 알려져 있다. 이러한 자연산화막을 제거하기 위해 나노선을 건식에칭해 보았고, 원자현미경을 통해 에칭에 따른 나노선의 모양변화를 관찰하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.434-434
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• 2010

Axial type 가상음극발진기를 이용하여 전극의 기하학적 구조와 고출력 마이크로파의 출력 특성을 분석하고, 최대 파워의 조건에 대한 전자기기 효과를 알아보았다. 고출력 마이크로파 발생 장치인 Vircator는 강렬한 상대론적 전자빔 발생장치로 최대전압 600 kV, 최대전류 88 kA, 펄스폭 60 ns의 특성을 가진다. Anode와 cathode의 간격은 4 mm로 최적화 하였고, 이 조건에서 마이크로파의 출력 특성을 분석하여 보았을 때 WR-137 수신안테나에서 최대 출력143 MW와 5.4 GHz의 진동수를 측정하였다. 출력 효율을 증가시키기 위해서 도파관 중앙에 폭이 10 mm인 반사판을 사용하였고, 그 결과 반사판이 공진구조에 기여하여 정상파(standing wave)를 형성하여 마이크로파 출력 효율 향상하여 WR-137에서 최대 549 MW의 출력을 보였다. 향상된 마이크로파의 출력을 이용하여 각도와 거리를 변화해 가며 컴퓨터와 전자소자로 제작된 회로에 대해 전자기기 효과 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 컴퓨터의 경우 $0^{\circ}$ 1 m에서 hard kill 상태가 되었다. 전자소자 회로의 경우는 $0^{\circ}$ 30 cm에서 hard kill의 상태로 되었다. 또한 면적 대비 출력 파워로 비교 했을 경우 약 $0.484\;{\mu}J$의 마이크로파의 영향임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2018

In this paper, we try to solve the difficulties of the location of the structure for the movement of the wire - based pesticide spraying equipment designed for field farming. To do this, we apply earth resistivity measurement method and analysis technique which can indirectly grasp the earth structure. Electrodes are installed on the field in a selected farming area, and multi-switches built in the control board are driven to automatically acquire ground resistivity data. Then, the optimal point suitable for the actual structure installation is selected through the site analysis using the 2D image restoration algorithm.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2009

In this study, we made a new discharge source improving previous SPI source to ionize softly organic compounds. The new SPI source consists of two electrodes as a hollow mesh cathode of half cylindrical shape and a hollow anode. We optimized the geometrical parameter of the SPI source by investigating the I-V curves at the various distance between the cathode and the anode. As the results, we found stable conditions of the soft plasma on broad range of the current and the voltage. The new SPI source attached to quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), and we obtained the mass spectra of dichloromethane (DCM). The fragment patterns of DCM appeared similarly with the pattern of electron ionization (EI).

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.203-209
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• 2019

In this work, a new land-specific resistance measuring device (GM) and a measuring probe (Grounding Rod) are connected to the WENNER quadrant as power-line communication (PLC). In groups of two (P1,P2) probes, five to ten probes are installed in series on the ground at intervals of 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m, and 16m, respectively. If the PLC signal from the GMD is detected by the receiver of the Probe 1 (P1) for measurement, the minute voltage and current for measurement flow from the PSD (power supply) attached to the probe to the ground, and then, through the soil between P1 and P2, enters the Probe 1 (P2). The resistance value is then measured by the principle of voltage drop due to ground resistance. Measure the earth resistance every T seconds up to 1 trillion and store the measured data on the Arduino Server mounted on the main equipment. Stored measurement data can be derived from formulas by Ohm's Law and from inherent resistance (here,). Data obtained in real time will be linked to CDGES programs installed on Main PC, enabling data analysis and real-time monitoring of the ground environment on land. In addition, a three-dimensional display is possible with 3D graph support by identifying seasonal characteristics such as temperature and humidity of land (soils). The limitations of the study will require specific application measures of Test Bed for commercial access to a model that has been developed and operated experimentally.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2014

This study demonstrates a double-path CDI as an alternative of advanced wastewater treatment process. While the CDI typically consists of many pairs of electrodes connected in parallel, the new double-path CDI is designed to have series flow path by dividing the module into two stages. The CFD model showed that the double-path had uniform flow distribution with higher velocity and less dead zone compared with the single-path. However, the double-path was predicted to have higher pressure drop(0.7 bar) compared the single-path (0.4 bar). From the unit cell test, the highest TDS removal efficiencies of single- and double-path were up to 88% and 91%, respectively. The rate of increase in pressure drop with an increase of flow rate was higher in double-path than single-path. At 70 mL/min of flow rate, the pressure drop of double-path was 1.67 bar, which was two times higher than single-path. When the electrode spacing was increased from 100 to $200{\mu}m$, the pressure drop of double-path decreased from 1.67 to 0.87 bar, while there was little difference in TDS removal. When proto type double-path CDI was operated using sewage water, TDS, $NH_4{^+}$-N, $NO_3{^-}$-N and $PO_4{^{3-}}$-P removal efficiencies were up to 78%, 50%, 93% and 50%, respectively.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2005

Recently, the imaging of geological structures beneath water-covered areas has been in great demand because of numerous tunnel and bridge construction projects on river or lake sites. An electrical resistivity survey can be effective in such a situation because it provides a subsurface image of faults or weak zones beneath the water layer. Even though conventional resistivity surveys in water-covered areas, in which electrodes are installed on the water bottom, do give high-resolution subsurface images, much time and effort is required to install electrodes. Therefore, an easier and more convenient method is sought to find the strike direction of the main zones of weakness, especially for reconnaissance surveys. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of the streamer resistivity survey method, which uses electrodes in a streamer cable towed by ship or boat, for delineating a fault zone. We do this through numerical experiments with models of water-covered areas. We demonstrate that the fault zone can be imaged, not only by installing electrodes on the water bottom, but also by using floating electrodes, when the depth of water is less than twice the electrode spacing. In addition, we compare the signal-to-noise ratio and resolving power of four kinds of electrode arrays that can be adapted to the streamer resistivity method. Following this numerical study, we carried out both conventional and streamer resistivity surveys for the planned tunnel construction site located at the Han River in Seoul, Korea. To obtain high-resolution resistivity images we used the conventional method, and installed electrodes on the water bottom along the planned route of the tunnel beneath the river. Applying a two-dimensional inversion scheme to the measured data, we found three distinctive low-resistivity anomalies, which we interpreted as associated with fault zones. To determine the strike direction of these three fault zones, we used the quick and convenient streamer resistivity.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.339-344
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• 2011

The Ohmic contact of Ti/Au metals on n-type ZnO thin film deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition was investigated by TLM (transfer length method) patterns. The Ti/Au metal films with thickness of 35 nm and 90 nm were deposited by electron-beam evaporator and thermal evaporator, respectively. By using the photo-lithography method, the $100{\times}100{\mu}m^2$ TLM patterns with $6{\sim}61{\mu}m$ gaps were formed. To improve the electrical properties as well as to decrease an interface states and stress between metal and semiconductor, the post-annelaing process was done in oxygen ambient by rapid thermal annealing system at temperature of $100{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. In this study, it appeared that the minimum specific contact resistivity shows about $1.1{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$ in $300^{\circ}C$ annealed sample, which may be originated from formation of oxygen vacancies of ZnO during an oxidation of Ti metal at the interface of Ohmic contacts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.242-248
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• 2016

The overall reaction rate of fuel cell is governed by oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the cathode due to its slowest reaction compared to the oxidation of hydrogen in the anode. The ORR efficiency can be readily evaluated by examining the adsorption strength of atomic oxygen on the surface of catalysts (i.e., known as a descriptor) and the adsorption energy can be controlled by transforming the surface geometry of catalysts. In the current study, the effect of the surface geometry of catalysts (i.e., strain effect) on the adsorption strength of atomic oxygen on platinum catalysts was analyzed by using density functional theory (DFT). The optimized lattice constant of Pt ($3.977{\AA}$) was increased and decreased by 1% to apply tensile and compressive strain to the Pt surface. Then the oxygen adsorption strengths on the modified Pt surfaces were compared and the electron charge density of the O-adsorbed Pt surfaces was analyzed. As the interatomic distance increased, the oxygen adsorption strength became stronger and the d-band center of the Pt surface atoms was shifted toward the Fermi level, implying that anti-bonding orbitals were shifted to the conduction band from the valence band (i.e., the anti-bonding between O and Pt was less likely formed). Consequently, enhanced ORR efficiency may be expected if the surface Pt-Pt distance can be reduced by approximately 2~4% compared to the pure Pt owing to the moderately controlled oxygen binding strength for improved ORR.