• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.450-455
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• 1998

Pine has been known as a traditional medicinal plant and as showing a physically beneficial function to a human being. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of main pine neddles. Ethanol extracts from pinus needles did net exhibit any mutagenicity. On the contrary, inhibitory effects of ethanol extract were observed on mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indol (Trp-P-1) and benzo(a)pyrene $(B({\alpha})P)$ using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. On direct-acting mutagen (MNNG, 4NQO) and indirect-acting mutagen (Trp-P-1, $(B({\alpha})P)$, we observed higher inhibitory effect. Stepwise fractionation of the ethanol extract was done by using ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to obtain effective fraction. Among them, water fractions $(100\;{\mu}g/plate)$ of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis showed high inhibition of 91.65%, 94.7%, 84.22% and 79.02%, respectively, on the mutagenicity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 1991

From 1986 to 1990, the fifty-three sites (shiros) of the five places known as an areas of the pine-mushroom production in Kyoung Sang Do were visited, investigating the biology or ecology of pine-mushrooms. Physical or ecological characteristics of the areas producing pine-mush­rooms was similar to those reported in Japan, but not similar to in this regardings; The ages of pine trees, the understory plant flora of the places producing the pine-mushrooms and the soil types. The areas of pine-mushroom productions are divided to two typical areas, the inland and coastal areas. Ecological differences between two areas were found, The understory plant flora and different soil types. Three kinds of soil were, by the naked eyes, were found from our observa­tions of Kyoung Sang Do, but not based on soil analysis. The pine-mushrooms observed in Kyoung Sang Do were related to the root of the pine trees, but not confirmed to be ectomycorrhizally related to the pine trees. The mycelia isolated form the different places were compared with the degradation of phenolic compounds and culture methods, but were not clearly distinguished. The productions of pine-mushroom and several methods for the pine mushroom were suggested under four years' observations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.433-435
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• 2003

새로운 컴퓨팅 패러다임으로 대두되고 있는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 인터페이스 기술로 RFID가 이미지 기반 태그 등을 들 수 있다. RFID의 경우 여러 개의 태그를 인식할 수 있으나 태그의 존재를 모르는 사용자에게 혼동을 초래할 수 있고 이미지 코드만을 사용했을 때는 패시브 태그로 적송시간에 화물확인시간을 단축하기 어렵고 위치추적시에 액티브적인 요소가 없어 불편함을 가져올 수 있다. 그러므로 업무프로세스에서 인식거리 및 사용자 편의를 위한 액티브적인 요소가 요구되는 위치추적 및 신속한 입력을 위한 운송부문에 RFID를 사용하고 적품 여부를 확인하는 부분에 패시브적인 태그를 사용하여 유리한 점을 하나로 묶은 듀얼 태그 인터페이스를 제안한다. 이는 모든 운송자원을 파악하고 자원의 효율적인 활용을 통해 변화하는 환경에 신속하게 대응할 수 있는 인프라를 구축할 수 있으며 원재료의 수급에서 사용자에게 물품을 전달하는 과정에서 자원과 정보의 일련의 흐름을 관리하는게 가능하게 될 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 1992

Pinus koraiensis (Pk), P. rigida (Pr) and P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda (Pr. t) seedlings in a bare-rooted nursery were artificially inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Thelephora terrestris (Tt) to test long term effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on host growth. Mycelial inocula of Pt and Tt were mass-cultured in vermiculite-peatmoss mixture and introduced into fumigated nursery soil before seed sowing. Bare-rooted, inoculated seedlings at one to four years of age were outplanted to the field with $P_2O_5$ content of 25 ppm in soil. At the time of outplanting, Pk seedlings(4 years old), Pr seedlings(2 years old), and Pr.t seedlings(1 year old) all infected by Pt were significantly taller by 28%. 26%, and 77%, respectively, than controlled seedlings infected by natural population of mycorrhizal fungi in the non-fumigated plot. Ten years after inoculation or six to nine years after outplanting, Pk seedlings inoculated with Pt were significantly taller by 9% Pr.t seedlings significantly taller by 18%, and Pr slightly Caller by 2%(not significant) than controlled seedlings, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of Pt on host growth gradually declined or became minimal after outplanting. Tt failed to stimulate host growth either in the nursery or in the field, and the survival rate of outplanted seedlings was not different among fungal treatments. Considerable loss of the infected root system during lifting the seedlings for outplanting would be the primary cause of the reduced effect of Pt in the field. Pt infected more than 90% of the fine roots in the fumigated nursery during the first growing season, but Pt assumed to fail to compete successfully with natural population of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. It is necessary to select other mycorrhizal fungi which adapt well in both nursery and field.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2008

Flavonoids in pine needles are known to be effective scavengers of free radical. Especially, proanthocyanidin, a kind of flavonoids possesses cardiovascular protection and antioxidative activities. Here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by using hot water, ethanol, hexane or sub-supercritical $CO_2$. Analyses of total polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidin in each extracts indicated that hot water extract contained the highest concentrations, but sub-supercritical extract contained the lowest concentrations. On the other hand, evaluation of proanthocyanidin contents in total polyphenolic compounds in each extracts showed that sub-supercritical extract possessed the highest content, but hot water extract possessed the lowest content. These results indicate that extracts containing high concentrations of both total polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidin could be obtained by using hot water or ethanol extractions. Furthermore, extract containing high content of proanthocyanidin out of total polyphenolic compounds could be achieved by using sub-supercritical extraction. Measurement of antioxidative activities of extracts showed that hot water extract possessed the highest activity. In this study, we prepared extracts from pine needles by four different methods and evaluated the antioxidative compounds in extracts that could be used for effective components of functional food products.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

We carried out survey of a pine mushroom picking district and its vegetation environment for increase and maintainment of its production in Kyonggi province. The district which we could pick up pine mushroom among the nineteen surveyed district were sixteen such as Geoleun ri Gangcheon myeon Yeoju gun Kyonggi do, etc. and total yields were 470~600 kg in Kyonggi province. The temperature of atmosphere and earth in Yeoju and Bonghwa were droped to $19^{\circ}C$ at 5~7th september and maintained from $12^{\circ}C{\sim}18^{\circ}C$ during the a pine mushroom picking period. The density of a pine tree per $100m^2$ was 5.1~27.1 trees, the years of it was 15~50years old and height was 4~11 meter. The pine tree in a pine mushroom picking district was competed with oak trees, azaleas, lacquers, etc. The depth of organic materials accumulated on the pine mushroom mycelium layer was 4.5 cm in Yeoju. The soil texture of a pine mushroom picking district was almost sandy, soil pH was 4.3~5.1 and organic material content was 3.91~8.28%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pine (Pinus densiflora) needle extracts on hepatic antioxidative system in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. Eight-week old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; normal diet group (CON), 0.5% cholesterol diet group (0.5% CHOL), 0.5% cholesterol diet and pine needle extracts prepared by using hot water group (HOT water), and 0.5% cholesterol diet and pine needle extracts prepared by using sub-supercritical $CO_2$ group (Sub-supercritical). The serum ALP, AST, and ALT activities were increased by 0.5% cholesterol diet supplementation, but treatment with pine needle extracts showed decrease compared with 0.5% CHOL group. The SOD activity in liver at 0.5% cholesterol diet group was more decreased than control group while Sub-supercritical group had significantly higher SOD activity than 0.5% CHOL group. Moreover, groups with pine needle extracts supplementation had higher level of GPx in liver than 0.5% cholesterol diet group. These results suggest that pine needle extracts increased antioxidative activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 1989

The main purpose of this research is to provide scientific informations about standard wage and performance tariffs in forest management with special reference to working time for thinning. To identify relationships between net working time and tree characteristics, three geographically different sample plots were established at Yangsan, Bongpyung and Jinan and 460 oaks, 372 Japanese larches, 232 red pine and 240 pitch pine mere selected at each sample plots. The results of statistical analysis using multiple regression are as follows ; 1. Five independent variables of breast height diameter(DBH), mid-diameter(MD) large end diameter(LD), log-length(L), No. of branches(NOB) were stable independent of worker and tree species. 2. Comparing correlation coefficient of five independent variables, the best predictive variables, breast height diameter and No. of branches, were selected. Breast height diameter and No. of branches were identified as the most important independent variables in terms of effect on the dependent variable of the working time. 3. Comparing coefficient of determination (Rp) and residual mean square (MSEp), the best Linear regression equation for each tree species was selected as follower : $WT=a+b1{\times}NOB+b2{\times}DBF$ 4. Proportion of hang-up time to total working time in thinning were 66% in oak stand, 74%, in Japanese larch stand, 55%, in red pine stand and 52% in pitch pine stand, respectively. 5. Based on the best regression equation, a table of working time was made by strata of number of branches and breast height diameter. 6. Total working time using the best regression equation in Table 5 can be predicted in terms of felling time, limbing time, hang-up time, i.e., total working time increases by 11 to 13 seconds with every 1 centimeter increase in breast height diameter from 7 to 16 centimeter.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1370-1382
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• 2021

Previous studies have been conducted on domestic materials as a single extract. Research on complex mixtures for maximizing plant characteristics by individual extraction and potential interference with effects is insufficient. Therefore, this study confirmed the GC-MSD according to the extraction of essential oils for Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze(AR), Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zuccarini(PD), Curcuma longa, Curcuma domestica(CC), Zingiber officinale Roscoe(ZR), Foeniculum vulgare Miller(FV), and Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle(CS). The cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of the blending oil were confirmed to confirm its potential as a cosmetic material. As a result of analyzing GC-MSD aroma components, the main components were estragole of AR, à-Pinene for PD, Zingiberene for CC and ZR, Anethole from FV, and D-Limonene for CS. At a concentration of 100 uL/mL with no confirmed cytotoxicity, NO production was inhibited by 70.62%, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 64.03%, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 89.55%. Through this, blended essential oil suggests the possibility of useful application as a raw material with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the cosmetic and food industries.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1989

Parasitylenchus orthotomici sp. n. is described as a nematode parasite of Orthotomicus an¬gulatus in Korea. In a sample of 170 beetles randomly collected from Pinus densiflora S. et. Z, 51. 8% were parasitized by nematodes. The number of nematodes per bark beetle was ranged from 1 to 97. The parasitisms of F, generation were ranged from 43.2% to 52%. There was no positive tendency in nematode parasitism between sun-side and shade-side.