• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.626-634
• /
• 2007

This study investigated the effects of 3% ground fresh paprika (FP) and 5% freeze-dried paprika powder (FDP) on lipid oxidation inhibition and warmed-over flavor (WOF) development in cooked ground pork (CGP; meat:fat = 70:30), using two packaging methods (atmosphere packaging and vacuum packaging) during 8 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 4 months at $-26^{\circ}C$. In the CGP containing FP with atmosphere packaging, at both $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-26^{\circ}C$, peroxide formation increased sharply, and was similar to that of the CGP without paprika. Peroxide formation, in both the CGP without paprika and with FP and packaged with vacuum packaging, repectively, was much lower than that found with atmosphere packaging. Vacuum packaging was superior to atmosphere packaging for lipid oxidation inhibition. In the CGP containing FP with vacuum packaging and stored at $-26^{\circ}C$, peroxide formation almost didn't occur, which was similar to the CGP containing FDP. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value did not increase in the CGP containing FDP over the storage periods ($4^{\circ}C\;and\;-26^{\circ}C$) for both the atmosphere and vacuum packaging. Therefore, FDP was the most effective for lipid oxidation inhibition during refrigerated storage, regardless of the packaging method. Both FP and FDP with vacuum packaging during frozen storage showed similar antioxidant activities. The development of WOF in the CGP containing FDP with vacuum packaging was delayed until 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 3 months at $-26^{\circ}C$, respectively. WOF was highly correlated with TBA value in the CGP stored at $-26^{\circ}C$ with vacuum packaging (r = 0.88, p<0.05). The oxidative stability of the lipid in the CGP containing FDP with vacuum packaging was excellent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to provide basic ideas as understanding and application for oriental medicinal cuisine (Yak-Sun). To develop medicinal cuisine, it is necessary to grasp the theoretical system. And to develop medicinal cuisine for health enhancement, it is also required not only to consider constitutions but also to suggest the need of knowledge for moderation in terms of regimen along with the theory of oriental medicine. Also to develop medicinal cuisine according to the perspective of oriental medicinal theory, what should be taken into account is not only the understanding of the characteristics of food materials, but also the properties of them that the theory of oriental medicine. Lastly the scientific effect of the medicinal cuisine which is developed according to the oriental medicinal theory. And it is believed to De essential for the government to make effects to set a standard and laws to validate the medicinal effects and the process of assessment so that the systematic development can be encouraged, and to prepare guidance to food development for national health improvement. This research was planned and executed to evaluate how the composition of Yak-sun(oriental diet therapy) can effect health conditions of people who are suffering from diet-related diseases like cardiovascular related disease. by taking Yak-sun in a form of nutritional supplement with our daily meals. We produced Yak-sun tea with Mansam, Hwanggi, Tanggi and Paekchak and observed nutritional composition. We concluded that we could apply the components not only in a form of tea, but also in other forms of various food. The information we received from this conclusion will be a basic information on how we can apply oriental medicinal resources into other food and will also be a steppingstone for medicinal herbs to step foot in the field of functional food research, which already draws sizable attention world-wide.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.347-352
• /
• 1996

These experiments were conducted to monitor the change in $NO_3{^-}-N$ in a plastic film house where $NO_3{^-}-N$ have been accumulated in the soil of high level (about 370 mg/kg) The objective of this study was to obtain the information needed to establish the N Fertilizer recommendation based on the available N content in the soil for vegetable cultivation. The cultivated crops were chinese cabbage in the spring, lettuce in the summer, and chinese cabbage in the autumn. The crops were cultivated with and without N application. The concentration of $NO_3{^-}-N$ in the soil was analysed before and after the cultivation of each crop. When $NO_3{^-}-N$ in the soil is as high as 370 mg/kg. even without N application, the yield of the first season crop, cabbage in the spring was 175 ton/ha and that of second season crop, lettuce in the summer was 53 ton/ha. These yields were comparable with those obtained under the application of N fertilizer: meaning that no N application would be needed for those crops when $NO_3{^-}-N$ in the soil is as high as 370 mg/kg. The yield of third crop, cabbage in the autumn was higher under N application than that under no N application by 62%. The fate of $NO_3{^-}-N$ in the soil differed along with the crop sequence. In the first crop, 14.5% was absorbed by crop, 25.4% remained in the soil and 60.1% was unaccounted for. In the second season, 25.3% was absorbed by crop, 51.8% remained in the soil and 22.9% was unaccounted for. In the third crop, 62.8% was absorbed by crop, 19.4% remained in the soil and 16.8% was unaccounted for.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.7
• /
• pp.1041-1048
• /
• 2016

Biofilm cells and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state may play a role in the survival of Campylobacter jejuni under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of C. jejuni biofilm cells and VBNC cells on smoked duck. The transfer of C. jejuni biofilm cells to smoked duck and its ability to resuscitate from biofilm and VBNC cells on smoked duck was investigated. Transfer experiments were conducted from C. jejuni biofilm cells to smoked duck after 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h contact at room temperature, and the efficiency of transfer (EOT) was calculated. In addition, smoked duck was inoculated with C. jejuni biofilm and VBNC cells and then stored at 10, 24, 36, and $42^{\circ}C$ to examine the cells' ability to resuscitate on smoked ducks. The 5 min contact time between C. jejuni biofilm cells and smoked duck showed a higher EOT (0.92) than the 24 h contact time (EOT=0.08), and the EOT decreased as contact time increased. Furthermore, C. jejuni biofilm cells on smoked duck were not recovered at 10, 24, and $36^{\circ}C$, and C. jejuni VBNC cells were not resuscitated at $42^{\circ}C$. Although the resuscitation of C. jejuni biofilm and VBNC cells was not observed on smoked duck, microbial criteria of C. jejuni is needed in poultry and processed poultry products due to risk of its survival and low infectious dose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.909-919
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the demand and use of fresh-cut produce in school foodservice and restaurant industries. The subjects of this survey study were 200 school nutritionists and 70 cooks or managers in the restaurant industry nationwide. The data were collected by means of self-administered or e-mail questionnaires. Data analysis was completed using the SPSS window (ver. 12.0) program including frequency, $\chi^2$-test and t-test. Survey questions assessed the general characteristic of respondents, and the supply, use, and demand of fresh-cut produce in school foodservice and restaurant industries. Over 74% of the subjects have used fresh-cut produce. Most of the school foodservice (84.0%) kept fresh-cut produce for one day, while restaurant industry (28.3%) kept them up to three days. The nutritionists of school foodservice and managers of restaurant industry considered origin and date of production as the most important factor, respectively, when fresh-cut produce were being used. Fresh-cut root vegetable, such as potato and carrot was used mostly. The main reason not to use the fresh cut produce was due to the distrust of the fresh-cut produce safety in school foodservice and cost in restaurant industry. The main problem in fresh-cut produce use was the need of rewashing (29.9%) in school foodservice and irregular size (39.0%) in restaurant industry. These results indicate that the quality standard and size specification must be prepared with production guideline of safe fresh-cut produce.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate packaging materials to extend the storability and maintain the quality of cherry tomato for modified atmosphere (MA) storage. Tomatoes were grown by hydroponic at a plastic house in Gangwon Province. Light red maturity stage tomatoes were harvested and packed with MA condition (10,000; 20,000; 40,000; 60,000; 80,000; and $100,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film) and perforated film to store at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. The fresh weight loss was less than 0.6% in all non-perforated breathable films at $^5{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$, but perforated film had less than 2.93% at $5^{\circ}C$, 13.29% at $11^{\circ}C$ and 27.24% at $24^{\circ}C$. The 20,000cc at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$, and the 40,000cc film at $24^{\circ}C$ balanced optimum carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in the package to maintain quality. The 10,000cc film was appeared the significantly highest ethylene concentration at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$, this film had the lowest $O_2$ permeability. Visual quality, firmness, and soluble solids were maintained in 20,000cc films both at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$, the 40,000cc film at $24^{\circ}C$. There was no any trend in titratable acidity and vitamin C content of treated packed film types and temperatures at cherry tomatoes packages. Therefore, the appropriate MA condition for $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ is $20,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film; for $24^{\circ}C$ it is $40,000cc/m^2.day.atm$ $O_2$ permeability film because those films extended the storability through the firmness, soluble solids as well as visual quality.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.355-365
• /
• 2014

It has been unclear whether the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella can overwinter in Korean field conditions. This study determined overwintering conditions of P. xylostella by conducting field exposure tests based on its cold tolerance and monitoring overwintering populations by direct examination of overwintering larval habitats and capturing adults with sex pheromone traps. In addition, the overwintering populations were analyzed using polymorphic genetic markers to trace their sources. When all immature stages of P. xylostella were exposed to $-5^{\circ}C$, which was the temperature much above their supercooling points, they significantly suffered with direct cold injuries, where larval stage was most tolerant to the cold injury. However, the exposure to $5^{\circ}C$ for a long period (4 weeks) did not give any significant cold injury to nonfeeding stages, while this treatment gave lethality to larval stage without diet. When all developmental stages of P. xylostella were exposed to open field conditions during winter, they exhibited significant decreases of survival rates. However, some protected and indoor conditions reduced the cold injuries and the diet provision significantly increased larval survival rates. Adult monitoring with sex pheromone during winter period indicated that the first captures were observed at similar periods at different locations (${\approx}260$ Km apart). The overwintering adults were captured until early April. Genetic variation of these overwintering populations was analyzed with polymorphic molecular markers, indicating significant genetic divergences among the overwintering populations. This study indicates that P. xylostella can overwinter in southern Korean fields or some protected greenhouses with host plants.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
• /
• v.2 no.8
• /
• pp.555-564
• /
• 2013

Innovative evolution in mobile devices along with recent spread of Tablet PCs and Smart Phones makes a new change not only in individual life but also in enterprise applications. Especially, in the case of medium-large mobile applications for large enterprises which generally takes more than 3 months of development periods, importance and complexity increase significantly. Generally Agile-methodology is used for a development process for the medium-large scale mobile applications, but some issues arise such as high dependency on skilled developers and lack of detail development directives. In this paper, S-MADP (Smart Mobile Application Development Process) is proposed to mitigate these issues. S-MADP is a service oriented development process extending a object-oriented development process, for medium-large scale mobile applications. S-MADP provides detail development directives for each activities during the entire process for defining services as server-based or client-based and providing the way of reuse of services. Also, in order to support various user interfaces, S-MADP provides detail UI development directives. To evaluate the performance of S-MADP, three mobile application development projects were conducted and the results were analyzed. The projects are 'TBS(TB Mobile Service) 3.0' in TB company, mobile app-store in TS company, and mobile groupware in TG group. As a result of the projects, S-MADP accounts for more detailed design information about 'Minimizing the use of resources', 'Service-based designing' and 'User interface optimized for mobile devices' which are needed to be largely considered for mobile application development environment when we compare with existing Agile-methodology. Therefore, it improves the usability, maintainability, efficiency of developed mobile applications. Through field tests, it is observed that S-MADP outperforms about 25% than a Agile-methodology in the aspect of the required man-month for developing a medium-large mobile application.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.35 no.4 s.100
• /
• pp.285-294
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between purification characteristics and hydraulic conditions, and to clarify the basic and essential factors required to be considered in the construction and management of artificial wetland system for the improvement of reservoir water quality. The artificial wetland system was composed of a pumping station and six sequential plants beds with five species of macrophytes: Oenanthe javanica, Acorus calamus, Zizania latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Phragmites australis. The system was operated on free surface-flow system, and operation conditions were $3,444-4,156\; m^3/d$ of inflow rate, 0.5-2.0 hr of HRT, 0.1-0.2 m of water depth, 6.0-9.4 m/d of hydraulic loading, and relatively low nutrients concentration (0.224-2.462 mgN/L, 0.145-0.164 mgP/L) of inflow water. The mean purification efficiencies of TN ranged from 12.1% to 14.3% by showing the highest efficiency at the Phragmites australis bed, and these of TP were 6.3-9.5% by showing the similar ranges of efficiencies among all species. The mean purification efficiencies of SS and Chl-A ranged from 17.4% to 38.5% and from 12.0% to 20.2%, respectively, and the Oenanthe javanica bed showed the highest efficiency with higher concentration of influent than others. The mean purification amount per day of each pollutant were $9.8-4.1\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in BOD, $1.299-2.343\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TN, $0.085-1.821\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TP, $17.9-111.6\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in SS and $0.011-0.094\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in Chl-a. The purification amount per day of TN revealed the hi링hest level at the Zizania latifolia bed, and TP showed at the Acrous calamus bed. SS and Chl-a, as particulate materials, revealed the highest purification amount per day at the Oenanthe javanica bed that was high on the whole parameters. It was estimated that the purification amount per day was increased with the high concentration of influent and shoot density of macrophytes, as was shown in the purification efficiency. Correlation coefficients between purification efficiencies and hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) were 0.016-0.731 of $R^2$ in terms of HRT, and 0.015-0.868 of $R^2$ daily inflow rate. Correlation coefficients of purification amounts per day with hydraulic conditions were 0.173-0.763 of Ra in terms of HRT, and 0.209-0.770 daily inflow rate. Among the correlation coefficients between purification efficiency and hydraulic condition, the percentages of over 0.5 range of $R^2$ were 20% in HRT and in daily inflow rate. However, the percentages of over 0.5 range of correlation coefficients ($R^2$) between purification amount per day and hydraulic conditions were 53% in HRT and 73% in daily inflow rate. The relationships between purificationamount per day and hydraulic condition were more significant than those of purifi-cation efficiency. In this study, high hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) are not likely to affect significantly the purification efficiency of nutrient. Therefore, the emphasis should be on the purification amounts per day with high hydraulicloadings (HRT and inflow rate) for the improvement of eutrophic reservoir withrelatively low nutrients concentration and large quantity to be treated.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of functional MRI (fMRI) of visual cortex in patients with ischemic infarction in the occipital lobe. Materials and Methods : Four patients with the symptoms and signs of visual cortical ischemia were included. Functional MRI was performed by 2D-FLASH technique with the parameter of 90/56msec TR/TE, $40^{\circ}$ flip angle, $240{\times}240{\;}FOV,{\;}64{\times}128$ matrix number, 8.32 seconds acquisition time, 8mm slice thickness. An axial slice including both visual cortices was selected and alternative activation and resting of the visual cortex was performed using red color photostimulator. all patients undertook visual field test, and vascular abnormality was examined by MRA (n=4) and DSA (n=2). fMRI results were compared with the results of a visual field test, conventional MRI and cerebral angiography. Results : On fMRI, decreased activity of the visual cortex was found in the occipital lobe corresponding to stenosis of the posterior cerebral artery or its branch noted on angiogram. However, 2 of 4 patients showed no abnormal findings on conventional MRI. Visual field defect was noted in 3 patients, one and of whom showed no abnormality on conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted image, but revealed decreased activity in the corresponding visual cortex on fMRI. Conclusion : fMRI may be a sensitive method for detection of the status of decreased blood flow or vascular reserve which other methods can not.