• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.135-155
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• 2013

Corporate primary goal has shifted from profit-orientation toward broader socially motivated perspectives, over the recent year. According to this phenomena, extensive research have been conducted to assess the empirical association between CSR and firm value. However, the results of previous studies are largely indeterminate which are attributed to the ignoring various indeterminate variables between CSR and firm value. Specifically, the purpose of this paper verifies the empirical association between CSR and firm value with considering capital constraint as core moderator variable by using structural equation modeling(SEM). Main results of this paper are as follows. We find that firms with better CSR performance face lower capital constraint and capital constraint is significantly related to firm value in negative direction, also. The result suggest that better CSR performance is associated with superior stakeholder engagement, in turn, CSR initiatives leads to firm value creation. Also, the capital constraint still remain positive to firm value even if capital constraint is considered moderator variables. Our findings implicated that CSR literatures should consider moderator variables, such as capital constraint, which could be affected firm value.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.779-797
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• 2017

완전자본시장에서는 기업의 투자활동이 자금조달 방법과 무관하지만, 현실경제에서는 정보비대칭성으로 인해 외부자금 조달이 제약되는 금융제약 현상이 발생할 수 있다. 금융제약 현상은 기업의 규모가 작거나, 업력이 짧을수록, 그리고 하이테크 산업의 기업일수록 심화된다는 것이 일반적인 시각이다. 우리나라 코스닥 시장은 상대적으로 금융제약에 노출되는 기업들이 주로 상장되는 시장으로, 본 연구는 코스닥 상장이 개별 기업의 금융제약을 완화하는데 효과가 있었는지에 대해서 분석하였다. 분석 결과 금융제약 완화효과가 확인되었으며, 이러한 효과가 통합 증권선물거래소(현(現) 한국거래소)가 출범 후 강화된 것으로 나타났다. 이는 투자자 보호 측면의 체질개선이 거래량 및 코스닥 지수 등에는 일부 부정적이었을 수 있으나, 시장 안정화를 통해 기업의 자금조달을 도왔다는 것을 시사한다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.171-184
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• 2014

This paper investigate the impact of external financing constraints(EFC) on the dividend policy(cash dividend ratio) and the impact of interaction of ownership structure((1)the percentage of shares held by external blockholder who owns at least 5% of equity(5% BHR), (2) the percentage of shares held by foreign investors(Foreign), (3) the percentage of shares by insider shareholders(Insider)) and external financing constraints on the dividend policy. The purpose mentioned above are empirically tested using 370 firm-year data listed on the Korean Exchange(KRX) with multiple regression method. Summarizing the results of analysis as following; Firstly, we find that EFC has negative relationship with cash dividend ratio. Secondly, interaction of 5% BHR and EFC has positive relationship with cash dividend ratio. Also, interaction of Foreign and EFC has positive relationship with cash dividend ratio. But, Insider and EFC has negative relationship with cash dividend ratio. This study contributes to research related to dividend policy by recognizing that ownership structure influences the dividend policy.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.5-30
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• 2005

Globalization has conflicting effects on pharmaceutical policies. A change into a 'populist competitive nation' due to globalization strengthens policies to reduce drug manufacturing costs while the WTO's TRIPS Agreement that is affected by multinational pharmaceutical companies increases drug manufacturing costs by bolstering the patent rights on new drugs. Currently, the independency of populist nations' policies to reduce drug manufacturing cost is being compromised because multinational organizations(such as the European Union) which represents the interests of the multinational pharmaceutical companies put restrictions on the pharmaceutical policies of populist nations for purposes of promoting the industrial goals of the multinational companies. Korea is no exception. Up until the late 1990s, the main feature of the pharmaceutical policies in Korea was keeping the drug price at the cost level based on a growth-driven ideology, and this was Korea's unique policy tools as a developing nation. However, the increase in the power of multinational pharmaceutical companies currently infringes on the independency of Korea's pharmaceutical policies. Expensive imported drugs were originally covered by the national health insurance plan, but starting from 1999 such drugs began to be covered by the plan. After separation of medical and pharmaceutical services, the use of expensive drugs was increased, and the Korean government planned to introduce the reference price policy in order to contain the cost of the national health insurance plan. However, due to pressures from the U.S. government as well as multinational pharmaceutical companies, implementation of the policy has been postponed. In addition, due to a pressure from the U.S. government, a working group was created which would affect the health care policy of the Korean government. Discussions so far on globalization was about whether the change into populist competitive nations due to globalization resulted in the reduction of welfare spending. However, this study shows not only the reduction of health care cost through policies to reduce drug manufacturing costs but increase in welfare spending by raising the strengths of multinational pharmaceutical companies that are for-profit providers of welfare service. While focusing on the contradictory effects of globalization on pharmaceutical policies of a nation, this study looked at how these conflicting effects end up promoting the interests of multinational pharmaceutical companies by examining the Korean case.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.25-51
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• 2008

In this paper, we analyse empirically the fixed asset investment smoothing of working capital of firms listed on Korea Securities Market. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. Firms will seek to lower long-term cost by smoothing fixed asset investment and maintaining stationary investment with working capital. Working capital is not only an important use of fund, but also a source of liquidity that should be used to smooth fixed asset investment relative to cash flow shocks if firms face financial constraints. Working capital investment is more sensitive than fixed asset investment to cash flow fluctuations. If firms face financial constraints, working capital investment will compete with fixed asset investment for the limited pool of available cash flows. So, fixed asset investment will have negative relationship with working capital investment. However, criticism that the positive correlation between cash flows and fixed asset investment could arise simply because cash flows is proxy variable for investment demand. Finally, controlling for the fixed asset investment smoothing effects of working capital results in a much larger estimate of the long run impact of financial constraints. Financial constraints is measured by dividend payout ratio and market access level. Fazzari et al. (1988), Fazzari and Petersen (1993), and Faulkender et al. (2008) emphasize that low dividend firms or market unaccessible firms are more likely to face financial constraints, and rarely make use of new equity issuing. The results from empirical analysis show that financial constraints can be better explained using 'adjustment cost' concept. Specifically, the results show that financial constraints exist and that in order to measure financial constraint effects more succinctly, fixed asset investment smoothing effects with working capital should be considered.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.173-193
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• 2020

This study analyzes the effects of KOSDAQ-listed firms' convertible bonds, which have recently increased rapidly in number and size. Although KOSDAQ companies are called mid-size companies, KOSDAQ companies belong to SMEs. Furthermore, convertible bonds have traditionally been a critical capital raising tool for SMEs in the US and Europe. In Korea, KOSDAQ companies actively employ convertible bonds. Convertible bonds provide investment incentives for hesitant investors, allowing companies to raise capital at low interest rates. This study analyzes whether capital raising through issuance of convertible bonds by KOSDAQ companies affects their financial constraints. Financial constraints result from incomplete capital markets, which are embedded in most companies and countries.. In particular, financial constraints have a significant impact on the growth and survival of SMEs. The seminal study FHP(1988) is the most important and effective study of firm's financial constraints. We find that FHP's financial constraint measures show that convertible bond issuance would mitigate the financial constraints of KOSDAQ companies. However, the significance of the evidence is not strong.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.173-180
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• 2016

This study examines the effect of firms' working capital management on their performance for a sample of non-financial companies listed on the Korea Exchange (KRX). The working capital and corporate performance are measured as the ratio of the net working capital to sales and return on assets, respectively. The results are as follows. First, there is no significant relationship between the working capital and corporate performance in the total sample. Second, the working capital is positively related to the firms' performance in the negative working capital group while the working capital is negatively related to the corporate performance in the positive working capital group. These findings indicate the existence of an optimal working capital level for firms. Third, the firms' financial constraints have no effects on the relationship between the working capital and corporate performance. This suggests that there are no interactive effects among the working capital, financial constraints, and profitability of the firms. This study implicates that managers should consider the different roles and impacts when developing an efficient working capital management strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.49
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• pp.183-189
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• 1999

재고관리 분야는 대부분 생산 제품에 대한 시장변화, 배달지연 등으로 인한 불확실성을 어느 정도 보편화 또는 요인을 제거하여 수리적 모형을 만들어 여러 가지 제약조건들을 변화 있게 가정하여 각 제품별로 최적 재고 관리 시스템을 만들어 왔다. 그러니 이러한 수학적 모형으로부터 나온 해결책을 실제로 적용될 때 자본 능력 한계, 저장 면적 한계 등을 고려하지 않는 것이기 때문에 실현 불가능할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 수요예측, 저장면적의 한계, 자본 한계 등 이러한 제약조건들을 동시에 최대한으로 만족시킬 수 있는 목적계획법(Goal Programming)을 이용하여 각 제품별 안전 재고를 산출하여 실질적으로 적용할 수 있는 재고 시스템을 구성하여, 여러 가지 제약조건 등을 동시에 만족시킬 수 있는 최적 안전재고를 산출하여 최적 재고 관리 시스템을 구축, 현실성을 높이고자 한다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.107-131
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• 1988

본고(本稿)는 세수증대(稅收增大)가 충분치 않은 경우 재정적자(財政赤字)를 충당하기 위한 국채발행(國債發行)은 본원통화(本源通貨)의 증대가 뒤따르지 않을 경우에도 물가를 즉시 상승시킬 수 있음을 정부(政府)의 동태적(動態的) 예산제약(豫算制約)이 나타내는 단순한 산수(算數)를 이용해서 보여주고 있다. 본고(本稿)가 가정하는 상황(합리적(合理的) 기대(期待), 정확(正確)한 정보(情報) 등)에서는 정부의 예산제약(豫算制約)을 동태적(動態的)으로 계속 연결해서 얻을 수 있는 실제의 동태적(動態的) 예산제약식(豫算制約式)을 검증할 수 있는 형태의 식으로 대체할 수 있다. 이 새로운 예산제약식(豫算制約式)에 의하면 미래잉여금(未來剩餘金)의 기대액(期待額)이 변하지 않는 상태에서의 국채발행(國債發行)은 즉각적으로 현재의 물가상승(物價上昇)을 유발(誘發)하고, 미래잉여금(未來剩餘金)의 기대액(期待額)의 감소(減少)(미래재정적자를 포함) 또한 같은 결과를 초래한다. 전후(戰後) 미국(美國)과 주요공업국가(主要工業國家)의 시계열자료(時系列資料)를 벡터자기회귀분석방법(自己回歸分析方法)에 의해서 분석한 결과 이들 잘 발달된 자본시장(資本市場)을 가진 나라에서는 본고(本稿)의 이론(理論)과 부합(符合)되게 물가(物價)와 국채(國債) 그리고 잉여금(剩餘金)이 변동해 왔음을 알 수 있다. 한국(韓國)의 자본시장여건(資本市場興件)이 현재는 이들 국가와 다르지만 곧 근접해 갈 것이 기대되므로, 앞으로 재정적자(財政赤字)를 국채발행(國債發行)에 의해서 조달해야 할 경우 물가(物價)에 대한 파급효과(波及效果)를 감안해서 세수(稅收)의 확대(擴大)가 뒤따르는 경우에 한하도록 하여야 할 것이다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.633-658
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• 2010

In this paper, we estimate the Translog cost function in Korean manufacturing, using capital (K), labor (L), material (M), electricity (E), fuel (F) data over the period from 1970 to 2005. Especially, this paper investigates the impact of imposing concavity in the estimation of a Translog cost function. Although the value of log-likelihood is somewhat reduced in a concavity imposed function rather than a function which is not, a concavity imposed function satisfies regularity conditions (monotonicity, positivity, concavity) at all data points. We also calculate price elasticities using a concavity imposed Translog cost function. Electricity complements capital so electricity demand increases as capital demand increases. Meanwhile, electricity substitutes labor, fuel, and material. These results show that Korean manufacturing experienced a structural change of increase in electricity demand.