• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2002

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of environmental factors on certain reproductive traits in Korean cattle on the basis of data from Korean Cattle Improvement Areas which were surveyed from 1986 to 1995. Results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Least square means of the reproductive traits estimated were 466.11${\pm}$5.72 days for age at 1st service, 480.10${\pm}$6.15 days for age at 1st conception, 742.79${\pm}$7.48 days for age at 1st calving, 64.97${\pm}$1.42 days for days at 1st service postpartum, 72.06${\pm}$1.73 days for days open, 355.93${\pm}$1.92days for calving interval, 285.38${\pm}$0.42 days for gestation length and 1.21${\pm}$0.02 days for number of services for conception, respectively. 2. The ranges of the least squares means for the districts were 447.62${\pm}$5.94-490.72${\pm}$5.94 days for age at 1st service, 464.27${\pm}$6.38-505.20${\pm}$6.39 days for age at 1st conception, 721.91${\pm}$7.85-772.75${\pm}$7.80 days for age at 1st calving, 62.27${\pm}$1.55-68.97${\pm}$1.74days for days at 1st service postpartum, 69.74${\pm}$1.97-74.36${\pm}$2.27days for days open, 352.71${\pm}$2.18-359.64${\pm}$2.09 days for calving interval, 284.52${\pm}$0.42-286.04${\pm}$0.47days for gestation length and 1.11${\pm}$0.02-1.30${\pm}$0.02 days for number of services for conception, respectively. 3. Age at 1st service was latest in the cows with Basic Register and tended to be earlier for the more advanced registers. The number of services per conception tended to increase for the more advanced registers. 4. Days at 1st service postpartum was longest in the 2nd parity and tended to be shorter with the advancement of parity. The number of services per conception tended to decrease with the advancement of parity. 5. As the calving year advances from 1987 to 1995, days at 1st service postpartum, days open and calving interval tended to be longer, and number of service per conception tended to increase. 6. Days at 1st service postpartum, days open and calving interval were shorter in the cows that calved in spring and summer than in the cows that calved in fall and winter. The number of services per conception was larger in the cows that cocalved in fall and winter than the cows that calved in spring and summer.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2001

본 연구는 이유한 경산돈의 발정동기화방법이 번식성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 대조구(자연발정), T1(Regumate＋PMSG＋hCG), T2(PMSG＋hCG) 및 T3(PG600)처리구로 발정을 유기한 후 12시간 간격으로 2회 인공수정 하여 수태율, 분만율 및 산자수를 조사하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 액상정액은 축산기술연구소 돼지인공수정센타의 종모돈 5두 정액을 혼합하여 이용하였으며, BTS(Beltsville thawing solution) 보존액으로 1회 주입 정자농도를 3.0$\times$$10^{9}$이 되도록 조절하였다. 수태율은 72구가 95.2%, 73처리구가 93.6%로 발정동기화 유도하지 않는 대조구의 91.3%보다 다소 높은 수태율을 나타내었으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었으며, T1 동기화 방법이 87.2%로 가장 낮은 수태율을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 분만율은 T2처리구가 90.4%로 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), T3구는 수태율은 높았으나 분만율이 가장 낮게 조사된 것은 임신 확인 후 각종 사고로 인한 조기 도태 매각 때문인 것으로 분석되었다. 복당 평균 총산자수는 대조구에 비하여 발정 동기화유도 처리구 모두 증가하였으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2000

To improve the pig farm management and efficiency of swine industry by inducing the farrowing to day-time from night, In the first experiment, reproduction records of purebred and crossbred pigs were collected and analyzed to estimate the $\varepsilon$ ffec 잉 of factors affecting day and night farrowing. The general linear model was used to estimate the least square means of the factors affecting various reproductive characteristics. And also, chi-square tests were used to examine the independence of the reproductive traits and environmental factors using the SAS (1992). The comparisons between pure and crossbred pigs for total number born, percentage of number born alive, gestation length, time length for farrowing were determined. The results indicated that the gestation length of crossbred (115.11 d) was slightly longer than that of purebred (114.89 d, p＜0.05). For the seasonal effects on total number born, the largest was found in spring and no differences were found among summer, fall and winter. The average gestation length was 1 day longer in spring and winter than in summer and fall. The total number born and number born alive were smaller in first, second, and greater or equal to sixth parity than other parities. And also, the percentage of no. born alive was least in greater or equal to sixth parity. For the effect of mating methods, natural and artificial insemination, on total number born and number born alive, no differences between the two methods were found. However, the percentage of number born alive for natural mating was 98.06% and was higher than artificial insemination(93.75%). The time length for farrowing was I hour were found for the 6 hrs of farrowing time. In general situation of pig farms, day-time farrowing was 34.8% and night farrowing was 65.2%, indicating that night farrowing was almost double of the night farrowing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate reproductive traits and sex hormone levels by growth in Korean native goats. Serum levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone were determined every 15 days from the 70 days of age to 190 days by radioimmunoassay. The age and weight at sexual maturity were 183.6 days and 14.3 kg; the length of estrous cycle and estrus period were 20.3 days and 36.7 hours, respectively. The gestation period, litter size and body weight at birth were 148.4 days, 1.4 head and 1.8 kg, respectively. The levels of serum LH were highest with 3.93 mIU/ml at 70 days of age, thereafter decreased gradually to 1.21 mIU/ml at 190 days of age. The concentrations of FSH in serum were below 1.25 mIU/ml throughout the experimental period. The levels of prolactin were lowest with 3.09ng/ml at 85 days of age and highest with 4.65 ng/ml at 175 days of age. The serum levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ were increased with age, thus highest with 7.95 pg/ml at 190 days of age. The serum progesterone concentrations were maintained low levels (below 1.0 ng/ml) throughout the experimental period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2017

모돈은 교배, 임신, 분만, 포유, 이유를 순환적 반복을 요구하는 개체로서 스마트 농장 시스템의 생산성 향상에 있어서 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 모돈 능력의 극대화 및 최적의 시스템 관리를 위해서 초음파 센서를 활용한 모돈의 지제 이상 징후를 실시간으로 계측할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 높이에 따라 상-중-하(30 cm 간격), 위치에 따라 전면부-후면부에 초음파 센서를 설치하고 이를 마이크로 컨트롤러에 연결하여 모돈의 지제 이상 유무 측정이 가능하도록 하였다. 모돈의 체형과 위치를 고려하여 설치된 초음파 센서의 위치 조절이 가능하도록 하였다. 또한 소형 LCD 모듈을 내장하여 실시간 모니터링이 가능하도록 하였으며, 측정된 데이터는 저장장치인 microSD 카드에 저장되도록 하였다. 모돈사의 환경을 고려하여 방밀형 구조로 하우징 마감하였다. 이 모돈 지체 이상 분석 시스템에 사용된 툴은 C언어를 이용하였다. 건강한 모돈을 대상으로 모돈의 지제의 관찰을 위하여 총 12회의 현장 실증실험이 수행되었으며, 현장 실증 시험 중 소요된 시간은 현장의 상황에 따라 다소 상이하였다 (8시간-28일). 높이 상에 위치한 전면부 및 후면부 초음파 센서 모두에서 모돈이 검출이 된 경우 정상 기립으로 간주하였고, 높이 상에 위치한 전면-후면부 초음파 센서 모두에서 모돈이 검출이 되지 않은 경우 정상적으로 누워 있는 걸로 간주하였다. 높이 하에 위치한 전면부 혹은 후면부 초음파 센서 한곳만 모돈이 검출된 경우 비정상적인 기립으로 간주하였다. 취득된 데이터를 분석한 결과 모돈의 정상적 상태 (기립상태, 누운 상태, 앉은 상태)와 그 외의 비정상적 상태로 분류가 가능하다. 또한 측정된 초음파 센서의 진동의 유무 및 파동형태에 따라서 모돈의 상태 예측이 가능하다. 초음파 센서의 진동 파동이 크고 안정된 상태인 경우 정상적인 활동 상태로 판단하였으며, 진동 파동이 작고 안정적인 경우는 수면 상태로 분류하였다. 실시간으로 지속적인 데이터 획득을 위하여 차후 초음파 센서 및 시스템의 보완작업이 필요하다. 이와같은 모돈의 행동 패턴에 따른 취득된 데이터를 분류하여 모돈의 발정에 의한 행동 특성(기립시간) 분석에 따른 발정 적기 발견 및 정량화 기술 개발에 활용이 가능하다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.925-936
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• 2005

The present study evaluated whether pentoxifylline added to the freezing extender could improve the sperm characteristics and function in canine frozen semen. Also the conception rate following AI with frozen-thawed semen was investigated. The beneficial effects of pentoxifylline supplementation were visible in motility, viability, acrosome reaction, and tail swelling patterns. Especially, highest sperm viability and function were obtained in the forzen semen supplemented with 1mM pentoxifylline. The follicle size measured by ultrasonography was 6.48 mm, 11.52 mm and 8.9 mm on 11, 13 and 15 days after the onset of natural estrus, respectively and ovulation occurred on 13 and 15 days. The pregnancy rates in bitches inseminated with frozen semen on natural and induced estrus were 71.4% and 75.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the pregnancy rates in bitches inseminated with frozen semen following natural and induced estrus, but the litter size was slightly increased in natural cycle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.640-646
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• 2010

Neosporosis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite. It causes economic losses due to reproductive failure. The potential relationship between pregnancy outcomes and levels of IFN${\gamma}$, hormones, and antibodies in naturally N. caninum-infected cows was examined in the blood samples collected every 2 or 4 weeks in 26 pregnant cows from 4 different farms. The mean S/P value of seropositive nonaborting animals (n = 14) reached peak levels 15 weeks prior to parturition, and declined thereafter to parturition. The S/P value 13 weeks prior to abortion in seropositive aborting cows (n=3) remained at high levels, and abortions occurred at 20 (142 days), 26 (185 days), and 28 weeks (199 days) after artificial insemination. IFN${\gamma}$ levels in the seropositive non-aborting group varied by individuals and gestational periods; IFN${\gamma}$ levels stayed at elevated levels or increased abruptly close to abortion in seropositive aborting cows. IFN${\gamma}$ level patterns in the seronegative group (n = 9) were similar to the seropositive non-aborting group, although IFN${\gamma}$ amounts were lower than the seropositive group. The mean progesterone levels in the seropositive non-aborting and seronegative groups decreased markedly 7 weeks prior to parturition. The mean progesterone levels 5 and 7 weeks prior to abortion were lower than the other groups 5 and 7 weeks prior to parturition. The mean 17${\beta}$-estradiol levels in the seropositive aborting cows increased close to abortion; the produced amounts were lower than those of seropositive non-aborting and seronegative groups close to parturition. These results suggested that lower levels of progesterone and ${\beta}$-estradiol in Neospora-infected cows may lead to increases in IFN${\gamma}$ production and in turn may result in abortion.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of donor cell types, the source of recipient oocytes and estrous synchronization on pregnancy and delivery rates of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in Korean native goats. Recipient oocytes were surgically collected after superovulation. Ear cells and fetal fibroblasts were collected and cultured in serum-starvation condition (TCM-199 + 0.5% FBS) for cell confluence. The zonae pellucidae of in vivo- and in vitro-matured oocytes were partially drilled using a laser system. Single somatic cell was transferred into the enucleated oocyte. The reconstructed oocytes were electrically fused with 0.3 M mannitol. After the fusion, embryos were activated by Ionomycin+6-DMAP. NT embryos were cultured in mSOF medium supplemented with 0.8% BSA at $39^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ for 12 to 20 hr. One hundred and two SCNT embryos were transferred into 20 recipients and pregnancy rate at days 30 was 20.0%. Of them, one developed to term and delivered 1 kid. Ear cells showed significantly higher fusion (63.8 vs. 26.5%) and pregnancy rates (20.0 vs. 0.0%) than those of fetal fibroblast (p<0.05). The recipients synchronized by CIDR showed significantly lower pregnancy rates compared to that of recipient in natural estrus ($0.0{\sim}25.0%$ vs. 100%) (p<0.05). Cloned kid was born from the recipient in natural estrus. For the synchronization of estrus between recipient and donor, there was no difference between treatments (${\pm}0$ vs. +12 hr) in pregnancy rate. The first healthy cloned kid (Jinsoonny) was produced by transfer of SCNT embryos derived from in vivo oocytes and ear cells into a recipient goat whose estrus was synchronized with the donor. These results imply that donor cells for nuclear transfer may affect the success rate, and the estrus synchronization between donor and recipient animals can also be important.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

This study was carried out principally to obtain the basic data for the improvement of the reproductive performance and production using plasma progesterone assay and ultrasonography in dairy cow. The results obtained from this studies were as follows. The results of reproductive examination in 85,983 cows were ovarian diseases 40,399 (47.0%), uterine diseases 11,912 (13.9%), pregnancy or pregnant failures 26,587 (30.9%), adhesion of reproductive tracts 172 (0.2%), freemartin 8 (0.01%), and others 6,905 (8.3%), respectively. The treatment status of reproductive dysfunction in 30,241 cows were silent heat or error of estrus detection 14,909 (49.3%), follicular cysts 3,750 (12.4%), luteal cysts 907 (3.0%), inactive ovaries 665 (2.2%), granulosa cell tumor of ovary 3 (0.01%) and endometritis 6,986 (23.1%), respectively. The indices of reproductive efficiency after the periodical examination of reproductive status were as follows; the mean intercalving inteual was reduced from 475 days at the first examination to 381 days at the last examination of reproductive status, the mean interval calving to conception was reduced from 186 to 98 days, the mean interval calving to first service was reduced from 106 to 66 days, the cows showing heat by 60 days postpartum were increased from 32 to 90%, the mean conception rate to first service was increased from 42 to 64%, and the mean service per conception was reduced from 2.6 to 1.8 times, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.959-965
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prophylactic indomethacin on reduction of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) and intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) in extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI). Methods : Retrospective review of 84 ELBWI who were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit from June 2004 to April 2006 was performed. Patients were divided into prophylactic group(n=28) and control group(n=56), where prophylactic indomethacin were given within 6 hours after birth. Clinical outcomes were compared between these groups. Results : There were no significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, incidence of hemodynamically significant PDA and severe IVH, and mortality between prophylactic group and control group. However, there were more frequent indications for therapeutic indomethacin, higher incidence of intestinal perforation, and longer time to achieve full enteral feeding in prophylactic group than control group. The incidence of other adverse events attributed to indomethacin prophylaxis did not differ between two groups. Conclusions : Prophylactic indomethacin may not prevent hemodynamically significant PDA and severe IVH in ELBWI. On the contrary, it may be associated with increased risk of adverse events. Further efforts should be investigated to decrease PDA and severe IVH in ELBWI.