• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.131-136
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• 1999

자궁경관 임신은 최근에 인공유산의 증가와 인공 보조 생식술(assisted reproductive technology) 등에 의하여 증가되는 양상을 보인다. 과거에는 자궁경관 임신은 대량의 무통성 질출혈로 진단을 내리고 치료 방법은 천자궁적출술이 유일한 수단이었으나, 지금은 질식 초음파의 개발로 자궁경관 임신을 조기에 진단하고 자궁 보존적 방법으로 치료하여 차후 임신을 기대할 수 있게 되었다. 그 치료 방법 중 하나로 Methotrexate(MTX)를 주사하여 성공적으로 치유된 많은 보고들이 있었다. 본 저자들은 임신 8주에 자궁경관 임신으로 진단된 환자에서 전신적 MTX 투여와 복식 초음파 관찰 하에 양막강내 MTX 투여 병합 요법으로 치료한 1례를 보고하고 치료과정에서 자궁경부 병변의 지연 관해에 대해서 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.479-490
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• 1991

포유류 배아의 착상기전을 규명할 목적의 일환으로 자궁내막조직의 탈락막 형성과 분화에 미치는 난소 스테로이드 호르몬의 영향과 인위적 자극등의 영향을 조사하였다. 가임신을 유도시킨 흰쥐와 정상임신군의 자궁내막조직을 착상부위와 비 착상부위로 분리하여 자궁내막조직의 분화에 지표가 되는 Alkaline phosphatase(ALPase)의 활성을 측정하였다. 가임신군에서 인위적 자극(trauma)을 가한 자궁이 자극을 받지않은(control) 자궁에 비해 Progesterone(P)만을, 또는 progesterone과 estradiol(E + P)을 동시 처리받은 실험군에서 ALPase 활성이 유의한 차이(p<0.01)로 높게 나타났다. 정상임신군에서는 착상시기인 임신 제6일군의 착상부위에서 I처리군과 P처리군의 ALPase활성이 비착상 부위에 비해 유의한 차이(P < 0.05)로 크게 나타나며, 특히 임신 제6일군에서는 착상, 비착상 부위의 P처리군의 활성이 Intact군보다 유의하게(P<0.05) 높아졌다. 정상임신 제 9일 Intact군의 ALPase활성은 임신 제3일, 6일의 Intact 군의 활성에 비하여 착상(3, 6일 :P<0.01), 비 착상부위 (3일 :P<0.05, 6일 :P<0.02)에서 다같이 유의한 차이로 높아졌다. 본 연구결과에서 배아가 분화, 발생해 감에따라 자궁내막조직 분화도 활발해지고, 착상부위 분화는 착상시기부터 현저해지며, 특히 P호르몬의 영향이 크다는 것과 배아 아닌 인위적 자극으로도 탈락막 형성 유도가 가능하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1986

본 연구는 한개의 뇌하수체를 이식시켜 과배란된 미성숙 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 의 수준 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 시도되었다. 30일령 숫컷 휜쥐에서 뇌하수체를 제거하기 15일 전에 고환을 제거시켰으며 고환이 제거된 쥐에서 얻은 한개의 뇌하수체를 실험 시작일(임신 3일전 : D-2) 오전 7시에서 10시사이에 28일령의 암컷 흰쥐의 우측 신장 피막 아래 이식시켰다. 대조군은 같은날 오전 10시에 4 IU PMSG 를 투여하였다. 실험에 사용된 쥐들은 혈중 호르몬 수준을 측정하기 위하여 임신 3일전, 2일전, 1일전, 임신 1일, 2일, 3일 및 5일에 희생시켜 채혈하였다. 임신 1일에는 교배후 estrogen의 과량분비를 차단하기 위하여 난소를 제거한 후 난소 호르몬을 투여하고 임신 8일에는 착상 상태를 조사하였다. 혈중 progesteron과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 gamma counter(Packard)로 계측하였다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 난소를 제거하고 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$를 투여한 과배란된 흰쥐는 난소를 제거하지 않고 과배란된 흰쥐나 대조군에 비하여 효과적인 착상율을 보이지 않았다(P<0.001). 2. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone 수준은 대조군에 비해 교배후 계속적으로 높은 상승을 보였으나 교배전 수준은 대조군에 비해 낮았다(P<0.001). 3. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 과배란 2일전부터 임신 1일까지 아주 높은 상태를 유지하였으며 임신 1일전(발정전기)에는 638${\pm}$134 pg/ml 으로 절정을 나타내었으나 임신 1일 이후 부터는 급격히 감소하여 임신 5일에는 10pg/ml이하로 떨어졌다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2018

The history of the pregnancy test started in ancient Egypt with a germination test using wheat and barley. Since then, unscientific methods have been used from the days of Hippocrates and Galen to the Middle Ages when uroscopy was used, even until the early 1800s. On the other hand, since the mid-1800s, scientific methods and evidence have begun to emerge, which led to scientific research on the physiological characteristics of pregnancy. The first attempt to utilize these scientific findings was initiated with the bioassay by Aschheim and Zondek using rats and mice in 1927, and then developed into experiments using rabbits and frogs. The immunoassay method, which started in the 1960s, contributed greatly to the generalization of the pregnancy tests while improving the problems of the bioassay. In 1976, a pregnancy test kit was introduced that can be used at home, contributing to the popularization of pregnancy tests. Since the 1980s, technological advances in diagnostic tests have also been applied to pregnancy tests to further improve the reliability of the diagnosis of pregnancy. In the 2000s, the accuracy and ease of use of the pregnancy test kits for home use have improved drastically. This study examined the history and scientific development of the pregnancy test.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.549-559
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of pregnancy and the relationship between pregnancy experience and suicidal behavior in 284 pregnancy experienced adolescents aged 13-19 years. The suicidal ideation was 57.8%, the suicide plan was 37.7% and the suicide attempt was 37.3% among female adolescents with pregnancy experience. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, female adolescents who experienced pregnancy had 1.44 times more suicidal ideation, 2.39 times more suicide plans, and 2.38 times more suicide attempts than those without suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts. Because of the high correlation between pregnancy experience and suicidal behavior in female adolescents, school and education authorities need systematic education and countermeasures to prevent adolescents' pregnancy and risk of suicide after pregnancy. And above all, convergent support and interest in home, school and community comprehensive area should be supported.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.369-379
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• 2021

This study was a descriptive survey study to compare the stress, depression, fatigue, and sleep quality between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal pregnant women. The study subjects were 49 gestational diabetes mellitus women and 51 normal pregnant women who were matching with gestational diabetes mellitus women by age, gestational age and number of births. The data collection was measured using structured questionnaires, numerical scales, and Canopy9 RSA(IEMBIO, Gangwondo, Korea) equipment. As a result of the study, pregnant women with gestational diabetes had higher pre-pregnancy weight(t=3.698, p<.001) and higher stress(t=4.505, p<.001), depression(t=4.564, p<.001), and fatigue(t=3.709, p<.001) during pregnancy, so weight management is important before pregnancy, and stress, fatigue, and depression relief nursing

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1067-1078
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• 2003

This study was designed to determine the effect of gestation housing and parity on the farrowing performance and behaviour of sows during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation periods. Total 18 Duroc sows were randomly assigned after 4 weeks of gestation to either an individual gestation stall or a groups of three with pen gestation system for three parities(1st, 2nd${\sim}$3rd, and 4th${\sim}$5th). Approximately 7 days before predicted farrowing date, sows were transferred to farrowing crates where they remained until 21 days post-partum. Behaviour was recorded on day 60 and 90 of pregnancy for 24 hours, on day of farrowing for farrowing duration and on day 10 of lactation for 2.5 hours in the farrowing crate. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: On 60 and 90 day of pregnancy, all sows in both groups made attempts for ventral lying more than for other postures. Sows in the group gestation pen spent more time on walking than those in individual gestation stall(p<0.01); however, the group housed sows were spent less time on drinking than the individually housed sows(p<0.01). There was no significant difference between gestation housings in the occurrence of stereotypy of pregnant sows. On day 60 of pregnancy, sows in the individual gestation stall showed the highest frequency of vacuum chewing and head weaving. However, floor licking and bar licking behaviours were highest in day 90 pregnant sows individually housed. The sows individually housed during the gestation period spent more time on sitting and eating on the day of farrowing in the farrowing crate than the sows group housed. On day 10 of lactation in the farrowing crate, the group housed sows during the gestation period made significantly more attempts for ventral lying than sows individually housed. In conclusion, the occurrence of stereotypy of sows during the gestation and lactation did not differ between gestation housings and farrowing performance of sows during the gestation period was not affected by gestation housing. Thus, the group housing for pregnant sows is a feasible means to improve welfare of sows and to increase the normal behaviour of sows.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.86-106
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• 1986

For the comparative study of protein patterns of the sera of pregnant women, the protein in sera of normal male subjects, non-pregnant women, pregnant women and women delivered of children were analyzed by using the methods of SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The results were as follows: 1. When the protein patterns of sera in normal male ranging from 10, 000 to 110, 000 daltons were compared to non-pregnant women by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrohporesis, their protein patterns were same each other numerically but bands 3(22, 000 dalton) and 6(39, 000) were less in male than in non-pregnant women quantitatively. When the protein patterns in the pregnant women in which serum were collected two week intervals were compared with non-pregnant women, there was increased or decreased in several bands quantitavely. The protein patterns of sera in pregnant women were compared with those of non-pregnant women; band 3(22, 000) showed similar patterns each other until the 16th week but the quantity of protein was decreased continously from the 18th week to the third trimester of pregnancy. Contary, bands 4(24, 000), 9(69, 000), 10(70, 000), 12(80, 000), 14(86, 000), 15(91, 000) and 16(94, 000) were gradually increased in quantity from the begining of gestation, and band 7(51, 000) was increased until the 32th week of gestation only but somewhat decreased after this time. The quantities of bands 12(80, 000), 15(91, 000) and 16(94, 000) were relatively increased when the protein patterns of delivered women were compared with those of the third trimester of pregnancy. Women who were dilivered female children showed more increase in bands 4(24, 000), 7(51, 000) and 10(70, 000)than one who were delivered male chilren. 2. When the protein patterns of sera in normal males were compared with those of nonpregnant women by two-dimensional electrophoresis, three spots of spot a group were not appeared in the males and the spot c group in the males was less than in the non-pregnant women. In the pregnant women, albumin was significantly decreased during the 10-12 week of gestation but recovered after these times. And spot f(70, 000) was decreased in the 10th week of gestation but increased from this time. 3. Glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine and valine in pregnant women were large in quantity while methionine, isoleucine and glycine were small in quantity by amino acid analysis. The total amino acids were increased remarkably in the second trimester of pregnancy but began to decrease in the third trimester of pregnancy. As mentioned, this present paper deat with that proteins which consist of maternal serum were increased with specific period in pregnancy and that the change of characteristic protein patterns were identified in the serum protein of each trimester in the pregnant women. And furthermore, the study should be preformed for the sex-identification of a fetus in the early pregnancy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Although iron is an essential mineral, excess iron intake during pregnancy may increase oxidative stress in tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of iron overload during pregnancy on iron status and oxidative stress in maternal rats. Ten week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated with male rats. Non-pregnant (control) and pregnant rats were fed diets containing normal Fe (35 mg/kg diet), high Fe (350 mg/kg diet), or excess Fe (1,050 mg/kg diet) during pregnancy. Rats were sacrificed on pregnancy day 19. No significant difference in weight gain, diet intake, or litter size was observed according to iron intake levels. Furthermore, serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not different among the rats administered the three levels of Fe both in the control and pregnant groups. However, the iron levels were lower in pregnant rats than those in the control. The liver and spleen iron contents increased significantly in the excess Fe group. An increase in liver ferritin levels with increasing iron intake was observed. Protein carbonyl content, as a marker of oxidative stress, increased significantly in liver with increasing iron intake but not malondialdehyde. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of pregnant rats fed excess iron decreased significantly. Bcl-2 protein expression in the liver declined remarkably with increasing maternal iron intake in pregnant rats. Taken together, iron overload during pregnancy had little effect on hematology. However, the deposits of iron in the liver and the decline in antioxidant enzyme activity implied increased oxidative stress in tissues of the excess Fe group. These results suggest that excess iron intake during pregnancy increases oxidative stress in maternal tissues and may also affect fetal tissues.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-37
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• 2006

Using Grounded Theory. the present study was to discover structure and process of pregnant women's information seeking experience through identifying concepts and relationships of the experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 Participants selected by theoretical sampling. The findings were : 1) Pregnant womens' information seeking was caused by Acceptance of Pregnancy . 2) The phenomenon of information seeking was for Maintaining Normalcy to Pregnancy(MNP), 3) MNP occurred in connection with Perceived Anxiety and Desire to Know 4) Action/interaction Strategies to MNP were related to the Awareness of Ways Acquiring Information. Previous Knowledge. Self-Regulation, and Information Access Environment. 5) Action/interaction Strategies to MNP were Seeking Diagnostic Data of Antenatal Care. Seeking Standard Knowledge. Seeking Experience. and Seeking Emotional Support. 6) As consequences of taking strategies, pregnant women were experienced in Sufficient. or Insufficient. 7) A three-stage process of information seeking was discovered : Comparing, Contextualising, Making sure. 8) In terms of change of information needs during pregnancy, a four-phasic process was discovered. Acceptance Phase. Adjusted Phase, Focusing Phase, and Transitional Phase. Based upon these results. it needs to generate a substantive theory contributed to holistically explain and predict pregnant women's information seeking behavior.