Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2011.44.1.5

Effects of Iron Overload during Pregnancy on Oxidative Stress in Maternal Rats  

Park, Mi-Na (Department of Food and Nutrition & Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University)
Lee, Yeon-Sook (Department of Food and Nutrition & Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.44, no.1, 2011 , pp. 5-15 More about this Journal
Abstract
Although iron is an essential mineral, excess iron intake during pregnancy may increase oxidative stress in tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of iron overload during pregnancy on iron status and oxidative stress in maternal rats. Ten week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated with male rats. Non-pregnant (control) and pregnant rats were fed diets containing normal Fe (35 mg/kg diet), high Fe (350 mg/kg diet), or excess Fe (1,050 mg/kg diet) during pregnancy. Rats were sacrificed on pregnancy day 19. No significant difference in weight gain, diet intake, or litter size was observed according to iron intake levels. Furthermore, serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not different among the rats administered the three levels of Fe both in the control and pregnant groups. However, the iron levels were lower in pregnant rats than those in the control. The liver and spleen iron contents increased significantly in the excess Fe group. An increase in liver ferritin levels with increasing iron intake was observed. Protein carbonyl content, as a marker of oxidative stress, increased significantly in liver with increasing iron intake but not malondialdehyde. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of pregnant rats fed excess iron decreased significantly. Bcl-2 protein expression in the liver declined remarkably with increasing maternal iron intake in pregnant rats. Taken together, iron overload during pregnancy had little effect on hematology. However, the deposits of iron in the liver and the decline in antioxidant enzyme activity implied increased oxidative stress in tissues of the excess Fe group. These results suggest that excess iron intake during pregnancy increases oxidative stress in maternal tissues and may also affect fetal tissues.
Keywords
iron overload; pregnancy; oxidative stress; antioxidant enzyme;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Bashiri A, Burstein E, Sheiner E, Mazor M. Anemia during pregnancy and treatment with intravenous iron: review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 110: 2-7
2 Kang BH, Son HY, Ha CS, Lee HS, Song SW. Reference Values of Hematology and Serum Chemistry in Ktc: Sprague-Dawely Rats. Korean J Lab Anim Sci 1995; 11(2): 141-145
3 Casanueva E, Viteri FE. Iron and oxidative stress in pregnancy. J Nutr Suppl 2 2003; 133(5): S1700-S1708
4 Tran T, Wax JR, Philput C, Steinfeld JD, Ingardia CJ. Intentional iron overdose in pregnancymanagement and outcome. J Emerg Med 2000; 18(2): 225-228
5 Nair KM, Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Ravinder P, Sesike B. Response of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptor during iron supplementation in pregnancy: A prospective study. Nutrition 2004; 20(10): 896-899
6 Lee JI, Kang SA, Kim SK, Lim HS. A cross sectional study of maternal iron status of Korean women during pregnancy. Nutr Res 2002; 22(12): 1377-1388
7 Southon S, Wright AJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ. The effect of differences in dietary iron intake on 59Fe absorption and duodenal morphology in pregnant rats. Br J Nutr 1989; 62(3): 7070-717
8 Sochaski MA, Bartfay WJ, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW, Bartfay E, Lehotay DC, Liu PP. Lipid peroxidation and protein modification in a mouse model of chronic iron overload. Metabolism 2002; 51(5): 645-651
9 Lin WJ, Kirksey A. Effects of different levels of dietary iron on pregnancy superimposed upon growth in the rat. J Nutr 1976; 106: 543-554
10 Van den Broek N. Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Br Med Bull 2003; 67: 149-160
11 Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by Thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95: 351-358
12 Levine RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, Amici A, Climent I, Lenz AG, Ahn B, Shaltiel S, Stadtman ER. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 464-478
13 Sorenson CM. Bcl-2 family members and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1644(2-3): 169-177
14 Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2008 the Report of Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey; 2009
15 Aisen P, Enns C, Wessling-Resnick M. Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33(10): 940-959
16 Aebi H. Catalase in Vitro. Method Enzymol 1984; 105: 121-126
17 Kochanowski BA, Sherman AR. Iron status of suckling rats as influenced by maternal diet during gestation and lactation. Br J Nutr 1983; 49(1): 51-57
18 Finch CA, Huebers HA, Miller LR, Josephson BM, Shepard TH, Mackler B. Fetal iron balance in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 37(6): 910-917
19 Levenson CW, Tassabehji NM. Iron and ageing: an introduction to iron regulatory mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2004; 3(3): 251-263
20 Swanson CA. Iron intake and regulation: implications for iron deficiency and iron overload. Alcohol 2003; 30(2): 99-102
21 Southon S, Wright AJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ. The effect of differences in dietary iron intake on 59Fe absorption and duodenal morphology in pregnant rats. Br J Nutr 1989; 62(3): 707-717
22 Motoyama S, Saito S, Saito R, Minamiya Y, Nakamura M, Okuyama M, Imano H, Ogawa J. Hydrogen peroxide-dependent declines in Bcl-2 induce apoptosis in hypoxic liver. J Surg Res 2003; 110(1): 211-216
23 Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey Jr GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1939-1951
24 Srigiridhar K, Nair KM. Iron-deficient intestine is more susceptible to peroxidative damage during iron supplementation in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25(6): 660-665
25 Brady HJ, Gil-Gomez G. Bax: the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30(6): 647-650
26 Kim YJ, Hong YC, Lee KH, Park HJ, Park EA, Moon HS, Ha EH. Oxidative stress in pregnant women and birth weight reduction. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 19: 487-492
27 Atamer Y, Kocyigit Y, Yokus B, Atamer A, Erden AC. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, status of trace metals and leptin levels in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 119(1): 60-66
28 Vanderlelie J, Venardos K, Clifton L, Gude NM, Clarke FM, Perkins AV. Increased Biological Oxidation and Reduced Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Pre-eclamptic Placentae. Placenta 2005; 26: 53-58
29 Bresgen N, Jaksch H, Lacher H, Ohlenschlager I, Uchida K, Eckl PM. Iron-mediated oxidative stress plays an essential role in ferritin-induced cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48: 1347-1357
30 Templeton DM, Liu Y. Genetic regulation of cell function in response to iron overload or chelation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1619(2):113-124
31 Barrett JFR, Whittaker PG, Williams JG, Lind T. Absorption of nonhaem iron from food during normal pregnancy. Br Med J 1994; 309: 79-82
32 Long PJ. Rethinking iron supplementation during pregnancy. J Nurse Midwifery 1995; 40(1): 36-40
33 Sherman AR, Moran PE. Copper metabolism in iron-deficient maternal and neonatal rats. J Nutr 1984; 114(2): 298-306
34 Khan MF, Wu X, Tipnis UR, Ansari GA, Boor PJ. Protein adducts of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal in livers of iron loaded rats: quantitation and localization. Toxicology 2002; 173(3): 193-201
35 Knutson MD, Walter PB, Ames BN, Viteri FE. Both iron deficiency and daily iron supplements increase lipid peroxidation in rats. J Nutr 2000; 130(3): 621-628
36 Cogswell ME, Parvanta I, Ickes L, Yip R, Brittenham GM. Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 773-781
37 Cho JH, Ahn HS, Bae HS. The use of iron supplements of pregnant women and pregnancy outcome. Korean J Community Nutr 2009; 14(3): 327-339
38 Scholl TO. High third-trimester ferritin concentration: associations with very preterm delivery, infection, and maternal nutritional status. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 161-166