• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the level of stress perceived by nurses who attend dying patients in the cancer care unit; their understanding regarding end-of-life care and related training needs. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 151 nurses stationed at the cancer care units of four general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province in Korea. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires and the response rate was 96%. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis. SPSS 12.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Nurses experienced a high level of stress in the end-of-life care settings. Their understanding of end-of-life care was above the mid-point of the scale while their training needs for end-of-life care was relatively high. The more experienced the nurses were, the more stressed they were, particularly due to excessive workload. Nurses who served longer in the cancer unit tended to show greater needs for end-of-life care training. Conclusion: This study found nurses perform end-of-life care with a high level of stress but with insufficient understanding, and thus, showed great needs for related training. Such findings can be useful to develop an end-of-life care training program for nurses.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.1067-1070
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• 2011

현재 뇌에 대한 연구는 지속적으로 연구되고 있는 분야 중에 하나이다. 뇌파나 뇌의 활동들을 분석할 수 있는 장비들이 개발되면서 더욱 활발하게 연구되어지고 있다. 기중 뇌의 기능에 대한 연구들도 화발하게 연구되고 있는 분야 중에 하나이다. 뇌의 기능은 보고, 듣고, 말하고, 생각하는 등의 모든 행위들과 연관되어있다. 또한 그러한 기능들은 인지능력이라고 하기도 한다. 인지능력은 인지적, 정신적인 요구가 필요하다. 이러한 것을 인지부하라고 하고, 과도한 인지적, 정신적인 요구는 인지과부하라고 한다. 인지부하에 따라서 인지능력은 영향을 받는다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 인지부하에 따라서 인지능력이 변화하는 정도를 실험하였다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 1997

야간 시각은 민감도를 극대화하고 주간 시각은 세감도를 극대화한다. 민감도와 세감도는 시각 기능의 두 목표이지만 상쇄적인 작용때문에 균형적인 선택이 요구된다. 민감도와 세감도를 결정하는 중요한 요인으로는 광학적인 요인과 신경학적인 요인이 있다. 망막의 지역적 분화는 바로 이러한 민감도-세감도 문제에서 기인하는데 망막의 2차원적인 제약이 시각신경계의 병행적인 경로와 이에 기초한 적응적 진화를 통해서 어느 정도 해소되는 듯이 보인다. 이 글은 야행-주행 습성을 동시에 갖추어 민감도와 세감도의 균형 문제가 각별히 부각되는 고양이의 초기 시각신경계에서 민감도와 세감도의 균형을 최적화하는 신경 기전을 소개한 것이다.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.449-472
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• 2013

Instructional materials including problem situations or problems or tasks on real-life situations are considered as an important and significant factor to lead a successful math instruction. MiC Textbook is a representative one showing good examples and tasks including fluent realistic situations on the basis of the background of the Freudenthal's theory. This study explores concretely and in detail the type of level of mathematical tasks, by the subject of MiC Textbook. To accomplish this, this study reconstructs and establishes an elaborated analysis framework using 'the cognitive demand level' suggested by Stein, et, al. The cognitive demand level is comprized of four elements such as Memorization Tasks, Procedures Without Connections Tasks, Procedures With Connections Tasks, and Doing Mathematics Tasks. Memorization Tasks and Procedures Without Connections Tasks are considered as low level tasks, and Procedures With Connections Tasks and Doing Mathematics Tasks are as high level tasks. MiC Textbook is comprized of the four areas of 'number', 'algebra', 'geometry and measurement', and 'data analysis and statistics'. This study deals with the tasks relevant to Function content dealt with in MiC 3 level Textbook, and explore the level of cognitive demands on each task.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.103-123
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• 2017

Mathematical tasks in general introduce and deal with real-life situations, and they derive to students' thinking fluently in solving the given tasks. The tasks might be considered as an important and significant factor to lead a successful mathematical teaching and learning situation. MiC Textbook is a representative one showing such good examples and tasks. This study explores concretely and in detail the cognitive demand level of mathematical tasks, by the subject of MiC Textbook. To accomplish this, this study is to reconstruct more elaborately the analysis framework developed by Hwang and Park in 2013. The framework basically was set up utilizing 'the cognitive demand level' suggested by Stein, et, al. The cognitive demand level is divided into two levels such as low level and high level. The low level is comprized of two elements such as Memorization Tasks(MT), Procedures Without Connections Tasks(PNCT), and high level is Procedures With Connections Tasks(PWCT), and Doing Mathematics Tasks(DMT). This study deals with the tasks on the area of 'data analysis and statistics' in MiC 1, 2, 3 level Textbook. As a result, mathematical tasks of MiC Textbook led learners to deal with and understand mathematical content for themselves, and furthermore to do leading roles for checking and reinforcing the content. Also, mathematical tasks of MiC Textbook are comprized of the tasks suitable to enhance mathematical thinking ability through communication. In addition, mathematical tasks of MiC Textbook tend to offer more learning opportunity to learners' themselves while the level of MiC Textbook is going up.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2005

We have analyzed the science-gifted educational program (year 2002) at the Seoul National University in terms of its educational objectives, scientific models, and cognitive processes in scientific inquiry in order to provide insights into developing and improving science-gifted educational program. We assumed the following items as important factors for teaching scientifically gifted students: higher-order thinking skills involving synthesis domain in the educational objectives, highly abstract nature and complexity in the scientific models, cognitive processes of planning experiments in the cognitive processes in scientific inquiry. According to the analyzed results, the program has the following characteristics: (1) the rates of both higher and lower-order thinking skill domain in the educational objectives are similarly high, but the rate of synthesis domain is relatively low; (2) in the case of the scientific models, the rate of the multiple concepts and/or processes model is relatively low, while the level of the abstractness is relatively on average (3) cognitive processes of authentic scientific inquiry is not thoroughly reflected in the scientific inquiry activities, and very few cognitive processes of planning experiments factor is reflected. Therefore, we conclude in the synthesis domain in the educational objectives, multiple concepts and/or processes model, and cognitive processes of planning experiments should be especially reflected more on the science-gifted educational program in order to serve the needs of scientifically gifted students.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

It is important to improve the creative problem- solving ability through subject matter education. Especially, Informatics education is important to improve the problem-solving ability by using computer as well as the general problem-solving ability. This paper identifies the creative problem- solving ability which is required in Informatics education. The cognitive components of the creative problem-solving ability are organized as the result of crossing the problem-solving ability and the creativity. This paper investigated the validity of the contents as judged by a panel of experts. The cognitive components of creativity are the elaboration, sensitivity, and reorganization in the step of 'Understanding and Analysis the Problem'. Also, The cognitive components of creativity are the fluency, flexibility, and originality in the step of the 'Exploring the Problem Solutions'. The cognitive components of creativity are elaboration in the step of the 'Design the Problem Solution' and 'Implementation'. Finally, the cognitive components of creativity are the flexibility and elaboration in the step of the 'Evaluation'.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02b
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• pp.7-14
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• 2007

디지털 컨버전스가 가속화됨에 따라 휴대폰의 기능은 나날이 복잡해져 가고 있으며, 이러한 경향은 사람들에게 자신에게 불필요한 기능까지 익혀야 하는 불편함을 초래하고 있다, 특히, 단순한 통화방식에 익숙하고 인지적으로 새로운 것을 유연하게 받아들이지 못하는 고령 사용자들에게도 이미 생활필수품이 된 휴대폰은 사용하는데 어렵고 불편한 부분이 많이 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 고령사용자들을 대상으로 휴대폰 사용에 있어 문맥적, 정성적 조사(Contextual & Qualitative research)기법을 적용하여 평소 그들이 일상생활에서 느끼는 휴대폰 관련 요구사항을 도출하고자 하였다. 조사는 세 단계로 이루어졌다. 먼저, 휴대폰을 사용 중인 60대 이상 고령사용자 83명을 대상으로 사용 현황 및 수준을 파악하고 적절한 사용자를 섭외하기 위한 설문을 진행하였으며, 둘째, 초보사용자 8명, 중급사용자 3명을 대상으로 휴대폰 사용 기록을 기반으로 하는 심층인터뷰를 진행하였으며, 초보사용자들을 대상으로는 문자메세지, 전화번호부, 카메라 폰 기능 교육 세션을 통한 행동 관찰법을 시행하였다. 마지막으로, 교육 세션 한달 후, 사용성 평가와 추가 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 이상과 같이 장기간에 걸친 사용자 조사를 통해, 고령사용자들의 휴대폰 사용에 있어 심리, 문화적 특이사항과 인터랙션 상의 불편요소들을 발견할 수 있었으며, 수집된 동영상 데이터를 분석하여 고령사용자의 휴대폰 관련 요구사항을 신체적 요인, 인지적요인, 심리적 요인의 세가지로 구분하여 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 문맥적, 정성적 사용자 조사를 통해 고령사용자들의 일상생활에서의 휴대폰 관련 요구사항을 도출함으로써 풍부하고 실증적인 경험데이터를 수집할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 도출된 요구사항 데이터는 이후 고령사용자를 위한 유니버설 디자인 휴대폰 개발 전략수립과 UI 디자인 개발에 활용되었다. 뿐만 아니라, 이 연구는 휴대폰 사용 경험 연구에 적용할 수 있는 문맥적 조사기법 프로세스의 사례를 제시하고 있다는데 의의가 있다고 하겠다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.9-14
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• 2002

인터넷에 기반한 학습 콘텐츠가 보편화됨에 따라 이에 대한 사용자들의 요구도 다양화되고 있다. 이중 컴퓨터에 기반한 평가(CBT: Computer Based Test) 시스템은 학술적으로나 경제적으로 최근 그 방법론이 평가 및 개발 분야에 있어 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 현재 개발된 대부분의 CBT 시스템 환경은 관계형 데이터베이스에 기반하여 개발되었기 때문에 다양한 형태의 문제를 구현하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 관리 측면에서도 높은 비용을 요구한다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점이 문항 정보는 동적인데 비해, 기존 전산 정보 환경은 정적인 것에서 비롯되었다 보고, 이에 대한 구조적 해결책을 제시하기 위해 최근 그 사용이 급증하고 있는 XML(eXtensible Markup Language)을 이용하였다. 컴퓨터 환경 관점과 문항 저작 관점 모두를 충족시키기 위해 XML의 요소(element) 정의는 컴퓨터 친화적(computer friendly) 요소와 콘텐츠 친화적(computer friendly) 요소로 분류하고, 각 요소별로 중복되지 않는 정보 유형을 추출하였다. 본 연구결과를 활용할 경우 기존 관계형 데이터베이스에 비해 동적인 정보를 손쉽게 구현할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 다른 XML 문서와 동기화 작업을 거칠 경우 문항 세트를 손쉽게 확장할 수 있어 경제적이고 관리가 용이하여 관련 분야 연구를 촉진할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.463-473
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between the cognitive functions, health conditions, activities of daily living, depression and sleep states among the elderly at care facilities. The subjects include 204 elderly people aged 65. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. The findings show that the cognitive functions of the elderly at care facilities are related to their engagement in regular exercise, duration of residency, grade of care, lack of physical freedom, listening ability, state of teeth, urinary incontinence, activities of daily living, and state of sleep. Their cognitive functions had positive correlations with activities of daily living and negative correlations with state of sleep. Their cognitive impairment was significantly influenced by their engagement in regular exercise, duration of residency, grade of care, listening ability, ADL, IAD dependency, and sleep disorder. In short, the cognitive functions of the elderly at care facilities are highly related to their health conditions as perceived and felt by them. It is thus required to develop, apply, and consistently assess and manage cognitive rehabilitation training programs to provide interventions for the factors that influence their cognitive impairment.