• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of ginseng properties through bibliographical records. The cultivation of Korean wild simulated ginseng (mountain cultivated ginseng) started from the Goryeo Dynasty around A.D. 1000. Thereafter, from A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1600, ginseng cultivation technology was established in the Joseon Dynasty. At this time, the ginseng was begun to grow in the field near the house, and it is recorded as Gasam (field cultivated ginseng). The Jung-Jo-Sil-Rok (A.D. 1790) states that Gasam cultivation has expanded to the whole country. The properties of ginseng described in almost all oriental medicine books from A.D. 250 to A.D. 1600 were a slightly cold. However, after A.D. 1600, it is said to be slightly warm or warm. Considering from this record, the slightly cold ginseng before A.D. 1600 can be recognized as the properties of wild ginseng or wild simulated ginseng, and the slightly warm ginseng after A.D. 1600 can be recognized as Gasam properties.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.166-174
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• 2020

Cosmetic functional ingredients are products of emotional convergence technology. Unlike pharmaceuticals, it is very important that cosmetics ingredients contain emotional attractiveness because they are household products that have limitations in their effectiveness. Ginseng has long been used as a major prescription of oriental medicine for human health. Detailed records such as the origin and propagation of ginseng can lead to various cosmetical application of ginseng as an emotional convergence ingredients that utilizes the authenticity and excellence of ginseng as an asset of K-beauty. In the unfortunate reality that the first records of ginseng use depend on ancient Chinese literature, it is very meaningful to describe and leave the records of ginseng used in the field of beauty. This study examined the general historical records needed for the study of the cosmetics application of ginseng and the recent findings of ginsenoside in the area of skin function, and provided basic data that can be applied to new cosmetics development research.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2019

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been known as one of the representative special and healthful products originating from Korea for 4500 to 5000 years. The word of ginseng was first mentioned in JiJuZhang(急就章), written by ShiYou during the reign of King Yuah Di of the Chien Han Dynasty, China (33-48 BC). It has been known that wild Korean ginseng grows in Korean peninsula including Manchuria and the ginseng is found only between the $33^{rd}$ and $48^{th}$ parellels of north latitude. Since the times of three kingdom in Korea at 4-7 century, which is Kokuryo, Baekje and Shila, Korea has been the chief ginseng producing country. A large quantity of ginseng was exported from Korea to China for medicinal use at that times. That was written in SamGukSaGi(三國史記) by BuSik Kim of Koryeo Dynasty in Korea in 1145. The cultivation of Korean ginseng was also recorded in Bencaogangmu(本草綱目) written by LiShi Zen during the regin of the Ming Dynasty in 1596, China. The ginseng seedling, which was known as an original method invented by imitating the method of rice transplantation, appeared in the SeungJeongWon Ilgi(the diaries of the royal secretariat, 承政院日記), 1687 in the regin of King SukJong in Korea. It was suggesting that ginseng cultivation was firstly established in the early 1600s in Korea. On the other hand, red ginseng(written as 熟參) was reported firstly in GoRyeoDoGyeong(高麗圖經)(a record of personal experience in Korea, written in 1123) by SeoGung in Song Dynasty, China. The names of Pansam(written as 板蔘) and Pasam(written as 把蔘), which were the another types of red ginseng products, were came on in the JoSeon Dynasty Annals in 1552 and 1602, respectively. Although the term of red ginseng(Hongsam in Korean) was firstly appeared in the JoSeon Dynasty Annals in 1797, it is believed to have been developed a little earlier periods from the King Jungjong(1506~1545) to the King SeonJo(1567~1608) in Korea. Then, the Korean red ginseng has begun production on a large scale in SamJeong Department of NaeJangWon(內藏院 蔘政課) in the Korean Empire(大韓帝國) in 1899. More detailed records about red ginseng production method were written in the SohoDanag Miscellany(韶濩堂集) by Taekyoung Kim at 1916 year in Korea. On the while, the efficacy of ginseng was first recorded in Shennongbencaojing(神農本草經) written in China(BC 83-96) and the efficacy has been continuously inherited.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.5
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• pp.21-31
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• 2023

Korean ginseng, a special product of Korea, has been one of the most important exports since the era of the Three Kingdoms. However, not many records were kept about ginseng in Korea until the Goryeo Dynasty. This paper summarizes the records relating to international diplomatic relations and trade of ginseng in the Goryeo Dynasty and the medicinal books known to have been published at the time. During the Goryeo Dynasty, ginseng was actively transported to the neighboring countries of Bohai, Song, Wa, Later Jin, and Yuan as a diplomatic gift or as a trade item. Ginseng was mainly exported from Goryeo to these countries, but it was also received as a diplomatic gift from Bohai and Khitan. Arabian merchants came to Byeokran Port, a representative international trading port of Goryeo, and traded ginseng. After the Mongol invasion, the demand for ginseng in the Yuan Dynasty was excessive, which became a big social problem. During the Goryeo Dynasty, several medicinal books were published, including Jejungiphyobang, Eouuichwalyobang, Hyangyakgobang, Samhwajahyangyakbang, Hyangyak Hyemin Gyeongheombang, Hyangyak Gugeupbang, and Biyebaekyobang. Hyangyak Gugeupbang, which was reprinted during the Joseon Dynasty, has been handed down to the present time, although this has not been the case for the originals of the remaining books. Recently, some of the latter books have been restored through the study of the references in various medicinal books of later generations. While the medicinal books used in the royal court showed that a high proportion of the prescriptions containing ginseng, not a single prescription for ginseng has been found in theHyangyak Gugeupbang, which was mainly used for commoners. This is thought to be because ginseng was very rare and expensive at the time, so it was difficult for commoners to access it.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.74-89
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• 2021

The Korean Society of Ginseng (KSG) was founded on September 26, 1975 with approximately 100 members. The first issue of the Korean Journal of Ginseng Science was published in English on December 1, 1976. However, the journal in English version lasted only one year, and the journal was instead published in Korean from 1978. In 1998, the names of the ginseng society and the journal were changed to the Korean Society of Ginseng and Journal of Ginseng Research (JGR), respectively. Four issues ofJGR were published in that year. JGR has again been published in English from Vol. 34 starting in 2010 and has been indexed in SCIE and SCOPUS since 2010 and PubMed Centralsince 2012. Since 2016, JGR has been published by the Elsevier. The impact factor (IF) of JGR has continuously increased - from the first IF of 2.259 in 2012 to 3.898 in 2015, and 5.487 in 2019. This year, the IF ofJGR ranked second among 122 domestic SCI journals and won first place worldwide in Integrative & Complementary Medicine category. The Society has published the semi-annual news magazine, Korean Ginseng Research and Industry since 2007. In March 2019, in addition to the scientific JGR, the Korean Society of Ginseng published the first issue of the Journal of Ginseng Culture on humanities and social sciences related to ginseng. To enhance international academic exchanges of ginseng, KSG organized for the first time, the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng (ISOG) in 1998. Afterwards, the ISOG has been held every four years, and the proceedings have been published. The KSG has also published various books, including Understanding of Korean Ginseng, Ginseng Research during the Past 20 Years, and 30-year History of the Korean Society of Ginseng, etc.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2003

Objective : 본 연구는 문헌적 고찰을 통하여 산삼의 기원과 산삼에 대한 정확한 인식, 그리고 인삼과의 차이점 등을 규명하는 것을 목표로 하였다. Result : 1. 삼(蔘)에 대한 최초의 문헌기록연대는 BC 50년경이고, 처방으로는 AD 200년경 상한론에서 최초로 언급되었다. 2. 인삼재배시기를 14세기라고 가정하고, 그 이전의 의서에 기재되어있는 인삼은 산삼을 지칭하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 3. 15세기 전후의 의서(醫書)를 비교해 볼 때 인삼의 기미(氣味), 효능(效能) 그리고 주치(主治)에 있어서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않고 있었다. 4. 오가과(五加科) 식물 인삼(人蔘)이 자생적으로 산에서 자란 것을 야산삼(野山蔘)(산삼(山蔘)), 재배한 것을 원삼(圓蔘)(인삼(人蔘)), 어린 야산삼(野山蔘)(산삼(山蔘))을 밭에 옮겨 키웠거나, 어린 원삼(圓蔘)(인삼(人蔘))을 산에 옮겨 키운것을 이산삼(移山蔘)(산양산삼(山養山蔘))이라 한다. 5. 산삼의 수령은 뇌두의 수나 몸체에 형성된 띄(횡추(橫皺))의 수, 그리고 잎과 줄기의 모양 등을 관찰하여 추정하고 있다. 6. 인삼의 약리학적인 효능은 신경계통, 생체의 반응성, 내분비 계통, 물질 대사적인 측면에서 우수한 효능을 발휘하는 것이 보고되었다.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2004

The diseased ginseng plants, their trunks fall down anil roots rot, were observed in ginseng cultivation field at Bongwha, Kyungbuk. Inoculation of the bacterium isolated from root rot lesion induced a range of symptoms on leaves, trunks and roots; The bacterium caused wilting with chlorosis and black discoloration on leaves, empty of inside trunks and rot on roots. The bacterium was identified as Serritia liquefaciens based on the morphologcal and physiological characteristics. This is the first report in Korea on roots rot of ginseng occurred by S. liquefaciens.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of and solution to thermogenic reactions to Korean ginseng through bibliographic research. A review of bibliography on the thermogenic reaction induced by ginseng indicated that people who lack fluids, have fever in lungs, a stuffy chest, coughing up sputum, a strong pulse, and constipation due to fever in the stomach may exhibit such a reaction. In the herbal medicine book of the Qing Dynasty, Bon-Cho-Jeong-Ui (本草正義) recorded that wild simulated ginseng is slightly cold and replenishes the body's liquid reserves. The book also describes the field cultivated ginseng is slightly warm and enhancing stamina. Bon-Kyung-Bong-Won (本經逢源), Bon-Cho-Pyon-Dok (本草便讀), and Bon-Cho-Jeong-Ui were published authors in the Qing Dynasty, and they explained that ginseng fine root is bitter, supplements bodily fluids, and can be easily ingested because it is cold. Wol-Ji-In-Sam-Jeon (月池人蔘傳) and Bon-Cho-Bi-Yo (本草備要) described fresh ginseng assweet, bitter, and slightly cold in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, respectively. On the basis of this bibliographic description, the thermogenic reaction induced by Korean ginseng can be overcome by using ginseng fine root, fresh ginseng, or wild simulated ginseng. These ginseng radices are slightly cool, replenish human bodily fluids, and show the physiological effects of easy ingestion properties.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.11-37
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• 2021

Korean ginseng is the one of the most famous medicinal herbs globally and has long been a representative item of East Asian trade, including across China and Japan. Since Joseon (1392-1910) ginseng trade was entirely controlled by the state, The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty are a valuable resource that can shed light on the history of the ginseng industry at that time. By studying the subsection "The Veritable Records of King Sejong" (世宗實錄), when ginseng was used even more widely, we assess the purpose and scale of its trade in the 15th century, identify its original listing in the geographical appendix, develop a distribution map, and explore similarities to current ginseng cultivation areas. During the reign of King Sejong (1418-1450), ginseng was sent to China as a tribute 101 times, with a combined weight of 7,060 kilograms, with less than one-third of that amount given to Japan and Okinawa. It was used to cover the travel expenses of foreign envoys and servants, but this can be seen to gradually decrease after the regnal mid-term, primarily due to a decrease in the amount of ginseng being collected. At the time, there were 113 areas of naturally growing ginseng as listed in the records' geographical appendix, including 12 recorded in the 'tributes' category: Yeongdeok-gun, Yeongju, and Cheongsong-gun in Gyeongsangbuk-do; Ulju-gun and Ulsan in Gyeongsangnam-do; Jeongeup, Wanju-gun, and Jangsu-gun in Jeollabuk-do; Hwasun-gun in Jeollanam-do; Goksan-gun and Sinpyeong-gun in Hwanghaebuk-do; Jeongju and Taecheon-gun in Pyeonganbuk-do; and Jaseong-gun and Junggang-gun in Jagang-do. A total of 101 places are recorded in the 'medicinal herbs' category, located throughout the mountains of the eight Joseon provinces, except the islands. In comparison with current ginseng cultivation sites, many of these historical areas are either consistent with or adjacent to contemporary locations. The geographical appendix to "The Veritable Records of King Sejong" was compiled in the early days of the king's reign (1432) when there was a lot of wild ginseng. The appendix is a valuable resource that indicates the possibility of growing ginseng on the Korean Peninsula in the future. The apparently natural habitats in the south, where ginseng is not currently cultivated, could be candidates for the future. Moreover, areas in the north where ginseng has not been grown, except Kaesǒng, could be a good alternative under sustainable inter-Korean exchange should cultivation sites move north due to climate warming.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-278
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• 2008

Ginseng stem fungus gnat, Phytosciara procera, is reported as a ginseng pest for the first time. It is new to science that a member of the family Sciaridae is a ginseng pest. In our observation, larvae of the gnat can penetrate the stem of ginseng, and then they make a shaft in shoot and root. Number of adults captured by yellow sticky traps were peaked in twice, from late July to early August and from late August to early September. In a ginseng field, 29.7% of ginseng damaged by Phytosciara procera is also infected by bacterial disease caused by Erwinia carotobora. However, there is a possibility on environmental-friendly control, as a result of decreasing effect of damage over 85% when remaining a part of berry on peduncle than tatally remove.