• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.103-124
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• 2010

Objectives: The out-of-pocket payment (OOP) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea was investigated empirically in terms of its incidence, magnitude and factors influencing them. Methods: The subjects were sampled with stratified, randomized methods among medical institutions of which the number of monthly IACI claims exceeded its median as of May 2008. Out of 204 institutions selected, 118 institutions (57.8%) responded to this survey. A total of 24,826 episodes(2,457 inpatient and 22,369 outpatient episodes) were included in this analysis. The incidence and magnitude of OOP of IACI were calculated by characteristics of institution as well as patient. Factors that affected the incidence and magnitude of OOP were investigated through multi-level analysis. Results: The overall incidence of OOP of IACI was 9.9% (25.6% for inpatient and 8.2% for outpatient) and the percentage of OOP among total expenditures was 8.3% on average (7.6% for inpatient and 26.8% for outpatient); 25.2% at traditional oriental medicine hospitals, 9.5% at general hospitals and 2.5% at the industrial-accident-designated medical institutions. The incidence of OOP of IACI was influenced by hospital size, ownership, longer duration of designation (over 5 years) and length of stay. On the other hand, its magnitude was influenced by medium-sized hospital, public hospital, location of large city and length of stay. Extra charges for upper grade room which accommodates less than 4 patients and treatment by specialists were the leading contributors to the magnitude of OOP of IACI. Conclusion: The incidence and magnitude OOP of IACI varied in institution type and were influenced by both institutional and patient's factors. In order to achieve the goal of Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, appropriate level of compensation, that is, no incidence of OOP, for accident and disease of workers, it is necessary to take measures to reduce incidence and magnitude of OOP.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.249-260
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• 1986

Recent reports have noted the increase of and questioned the justification for cesarean section rate in the past decade. This study was carried out retrospectively based on the clinical charts of 510 patients who had been performed cesarean section among 3,357 deliveries at Yeungnam University Hospital from May, 9, 1983 through Nov., 30, 1986. The results were as follows : 1. Overall incidence of cesarean section was 15.7% of total deliveries. Of these, 10.9% were by primary cesarean section and 4.7% by repeat operation. There has been a gradual increase in the cesarean section rate. 2. In the distribution of age, the 26-30 aged group was the most prevalent(60.2%). 3. The most common indications for cesarean section were previous cesarean section(30.2%), CPD (26.9%), Malpresentation(22.7%), and fetal distress(3.5%). In primipara, CPD was the most frequent and in multipara malpresentation. 4. A great proportion(31.6%) was done at 40th gestational week. 5. In the weight distribution of infants, the group of 3,000-3,499gm was the most prevalent(39.8%), premature baby was 9.1%, and giant baby was 5.6%. 6. In the type of operation, lower segment transverse cesarean section was the most(97.5%). 7. In the combined surgery, sterilization was the most prevalent and the next was ovarian cystectomy, hysterectomy, and myomectomy in order. 8. In the type of the anesthesia, general anesthesia was 83.5%. 9. Maternal morbidity was 14.7%. Among the causes of this morbidity, wound infection was the most and the next was urinary tract infection, fever of unknown origin, and atonic bleeding in order. 10. It was found that 18.4% was maternal morbidity in the patients below 10gm Hb. In this group, maternal morbidity was markedly increased as the level of Hb was decreased. 11. Maternal morbidity was increased as the duration of ruptured membrane was prolonged. In the group of over 24 hours after rupture of membrane, it was markedly increased(44.4%). 12. Maternal morbidity was increased as the duration of labor was prolonged. In the group of over 12 hours after the onset of labor, it was 24.6%. 13. Maternal morbity of lower segment transverse cesarean section was the least(14.1%). 14. Maternal morbidity of emergency cesarean section was about two times as much as elective cesarean section.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.293-299
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• 1986

Obstetric problems concerning macrosomia were evaluated by retrospective review of 91 pregancies that resulted in the delivery of an infant weighing 4,000gm or more at the Yeungnam University Hospital during 3 1/2 years from Jun. 1983 to Oct. 1986. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Macrosomic infants weighing 4.000gm or more occured in 2.8% of the deliveries. 2. 65.9% of macrosomic infants and 53.5% of total infants were male. The ratio of male was statistically higher in the macrosomic infants than in the total infants(P<0.05). 3. The incidence of macrosomia was higher with increasing qestational age, and deliveries at 42 weeks or more gestation were more common in the macrosomic infants than in the total infants(P<0.01). 4. The incidence of macrosomia was highter with increasing parity, and stastically higher in the multipara than in the primipara(P<0.01). 5. There was no difference in the incidence of macrosomia between the mothers aged 24 or less and that of 30 or more. 6. The cesarean section rate of macrosomia(30.8%) was stastically higher than that of the total infants(15.7%)(P<0.01) 7. With the pregnacy and delivery of macrosomic infants, 22 antepartum anemia(24.2%), 10 postpartum hemorrhage(11.0%), 9 birth canal injury(10.0%), 7 prolonged second stage of labor (7.7%), 4 breech presentation, and 3 pregancy induced hypertension occured in the mothers, and 10 asphyxia(or Apgar score 6 or less), 2 shoulder dystocia, 1 intrauterine fetal death, and 1 sacrococcygeal teratoma occured in the infants.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

In this study, the reactivity of a $SnO_2-ZrO_2$(Sn/Zr = 2/1) catalyst for $SO_2$ reduction by CO was investigated in order to optimize the various reaction conditions such as temperature, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio. The reaction temperature in the range of $300{\sim}550^{\circ}C$, space velocity in the range of $5000{\sim}30000cm^3/[g_{-cat}{\cdot}h]$ and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio in the range of 1.0~4.0 were employed. The optimum temperature, GHSV, and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were determined to be $325^{\circ}C$, $10000cm^3/[g_{-cat}{\cdot}h]$, and 2.0, respectively; under these conditions, $SO_2$ conversion was over 99% and sulfur selectivity was over 95%. In addition, the effect of $H_2O$ content on the $SO_2$ reduction by CO was also investigated. As the $H_2O$ content increased from 2 vol% up to 6 vol%, the reactivity and sulfur selectivity decreased. In case of 2 vol% $H_2O$ content, the reaction temperature and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were varied in the range of $300{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ and 1.0~3.0. The optimum temperature and [CO]/[$SO_2$] molar ratio were $340^{\circ}C$ and 2.0, respectively under which $SO_2$ conversion and sulfur selectivity were about 90% and 87%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.998-1007
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract on the inflammation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and blood lipid improvement in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a high cholesterol diet. The lettuce extract (100% ethanol extract) inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HUVEC treated with tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$). The lettuce extract suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to TNF-${\alpha}$-treated HUVEC. The lettuce extract decreased the TNF-${\alpha}$-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In hypercholesterolemic mice, the lettuce extract reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, while the lettuce extract elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, resulting in the decrease of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor level. These results suggested that lettuce extract can be an useful resource to show an anti-inflammatory effect and improve lipid metabolism.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of surgical excision followed by radiation therapy for Prevention of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Materials and Methods : From October 1987 to April 1995, radiation therapy was applied to 167 sites in 106 patients with surgical excision in an attempt to prevention of recurrence against keloids and hypertrophic scars. The main etiology of the keloids and hypertrophic scars were surgery in $49.2\%,\;trauma\;in\;25.0\%,\;ear-piercing\;in\;5.4\%,\;and\;burn\;in\;5.4\%$, The Patients' ages ranged from 3 to 70 years with a median of 32 years. Radiation therapy used ranged from 6 to 8MeV electron beam. Radiation therapy was delivered within 24 hours of surgical excision. Several dose schedules were used, varing from 400cGy in 1 daily fraction to 1900cGy in 4 daily fractions. The average total dose was 1059cGy, and the average dose per fraction was 433cGy. All patients were followed up from 24 to 114 months with a median follow up of 49 months. Results : The overall recurrence rate was $12.6\%$ (21/167) The overall 1-year and 2-year recurrence rates were $10.2\%\;and\;11.4\%$, respectively Among 21 recurrent sites, seventeen sites $(81\%)$ were confirmed within 12 months after surgical excision. Period to recurrence ranged from 1 month to 47 months with a median recurrence time of 9.6 months, The history of previous therapy was only a significant factor in recurrence. Twenty-four patients had history of previous therapy recurrence rates was significantly higher in this group than those without history of Previous therapy $(22.6\%\;vs.\;11.0\%,\;p=0.04)$. There was no serious complication related to radiation therapy. Conclusion : This study suggests that surgical excision followed by radiation therapy is an effective method of preventing keloids and hypertrophic scars.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1165-1169
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• 1998

A single crystal cast blade was manufactured by CMSX 6, one of the first generarion nickel based single crystal superalloys by the selector method in a vacuum furnace. The single crystal has been grown with cooling rate of 2.5 mm/min, after pouring the molten alloy of 163$0^{\circ}C$ to the mold heated to 150$0^{\circ}C$. The cast structure could be classified into matrix (dendrite) and eutectic regions in ${\gamma}$'shape and size. The eutectic region showed higher Ti content. As the additional results of ${\gamma}$'precipitates by EPMA and CBED analysis the ${\gamma}$'size was less than 0.5~0.7$\mu\textrm{m}$, showing the chemical composition close to Ni$_3$Al of Ll$_2$ lattice structure. But ${\gamma}$'size has increased to bigger than 1.0$\mu\textrm{m}$, being near to eutectic region, changing its shape to bar or huge block types. These showed the chemical structure near to Ni$_3$Ti of D $O_{24}$ lattice structure. Therefore, ${\gamma}$'morphology of dendrite and eutectic regions depends absolutely on its chemical composition and lattice structure.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.221-227
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• 1985

Thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy whose serum hCG levels had been measured by beta-hCG EIA before surgery were evaluated retrospectively. The results were as follows: 1. Final diagnosis of thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy comprised twenty- eight tubal pregnancy, five ruptures of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and, one tubo-ovarian abscess. One of the five patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum was accompanied by missed abortion. 2. Range of serum hCG levels in twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy was 59-21,980 mIU/ml and that of four patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and one patient with tubo-ovarian abscess was 0.6-6.6mIU/ml. Serum hCG level of a patient with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum who was accompanied by missed abostion was 200 mIU/ml. 3. Serum hCG levels in twenty-two of twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy were lower than 3,000 mIU/ml. Low serum hCG level below 100mIU/ml and high serum hCG level above 6,500 mIU/ml were noticed in four and six patients with tubal pregnancy, respectively. 4. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of twelve patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of less than 500ml and sixteen patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of more than 500ml were 4,131 (${\pm}7,801$) mIU/ml and 3,208 (${\pm}5,081$) mIU/ml, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the mean level of serum hCG between both group (P>0.05). 5. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of thirteen patients with unruptured tubal pregnancy and fifteen patients with ruptured tubal pregnancy were 2,628 (${\pm}5,448$) mIU/ml and 4,449 (${\pm}6,938$) mIU/ml, respectively. Mean level of serum hCG was statistically higher in ruptured tubal pregnancy (P<0.01). 6. Positive rate of urine pregnancy test in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 64% (16/25) and mean range of serum hCG level of nine patients with false negative result were 353 mIU/ml and 59-933 mIU/ml.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.203-210
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• 1985

Febrile morbidity after cesarean section is one of the major problems in obstetric practice. This morbidity is most often due to endometritis. Although parenteral prophylactic antibiotics or antibiotic irrigation has been reported to reduce the incidence of endometritis after cesarean section, its incidence remains high. Among the patients who were undergoing cesarean section at Yeungnam University Hospital from the beginning of March, 1985, three group were evaluated in the orders. 1) 30 cases as intrauterine irrigation group with cephradine solution, 2) 35 cases as intravenous injection group with cephradine, 3) 35 cases as control group are neither irrigated nor injected. Febrile morbidity was also evaluated by means of a fever index. The incidence of clinically diagnosed endometritis in the three group were 6.7%, 2.9%, and 22.9%. As these results, two study groups were markedly reduced the incidence of endometritis than control group. There was no significant difference between the intrauterine irrigation with cephradine and control, but significant difference between the intravenous cephradine injection and control (P<0.05). With the results of fever index analysis, both prophylactic intrauterine irrigation and intravenous injection markedly reduce the incidence of endometritis after cesarean section with stastical significance (P<0.05), and also markedly reduce the febrile degree.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.419-431
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• 2021

In Seoul, it has been confirmed that the duration of rainfall is shortened and the frequency and intensity of heavy rains are increasing with a changing climate. In addition, due to high population density and urbanization in most areas, floods frequently occur in flood-prone areas for the increase in impermeable areas. Furthermore, the Seoul City is pursuing various projects such as structural and non-structural measures to resolve flood-prone areas. A disaster prevention performance target was set in consideration of the climate change impact of future precipitation, and this study conducted to reduce the overall flood damage in Seoul for the long-term. In this study, 29 GCMs with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used for spatial and temporal disaggregation, and we also considered for 3 research periods, which is short-term (2006-2040, P1), mid-term (2041-2070, P2), and long-term (2071-2100, P3), respectively. For spatial downscaling, daily data of GCM was processed through Quantile Mapping based on the rainfall of the Seoul station managed by the Korea Meteorological Administration and for temporal downscaling, daily data were downscaled to hourly data through k-nearest neighbor resampling and nonparametric temporal detailing techniques using genetic algorithms. Through temporal downscaling, 100 detailed scenarios were calculated for each GCM scenario, and the IDF curve was calculated based on a total of 2,900 detailed scenarios, and by averaging this, the change in the future extreme rainfall was calculated. As a result, it was confirmed that the probability of rainfall for a duration of 100 years and a duration of 1 hour increased by 8 to 16% in the RCP4.5 scenario, and increased by 7 to 26% in the RCP8.5 scenario. Based on the results of this study, the amount of rainfall designed to prepare for future climate change in Seoul was estimated and if can be used to establish purpose-wise water related disaster prevention policies.