• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2002

As our country holds 2002 Korea-Japan FIFA World Cup, more foreigners are visiting Korea, making the tourist industry more profitable. Under these circumstances, we should pay attention to the restroom as a public facility, and inspire the awareness in the Korean people to improve the public restrooms. However, according to KNTO(Korea National Tourist Organization), it has turned out that foreign tourists are still dissatisfied with dirty restrooms and poor signposting when they visit Korea, Though the number of restrooms has been increased, they are not properly managed being a public nuisance due to negligence of administration and straggling facilities. To make it worse, poor design of restrooms and insufficient consideration of handicapped person bring disgrace on Koreas tourist administration. While studies on restrooms began from the 1980s, it has placed too much emphasis on the space arrangement and facility plan, so we need to pay attention to the traditional design and environment aspect of restrooms. This study is 1 haute looked into the problems and actual conditions of restrooms, and based on these data, applied Korean Buddhist architecture style to restrooms to create a comfortable circumstance in restrooms.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1991

The cleft alveolus occurs about 75% of cleft lip and palate patients. The purpose of bone grafting is improve the maxillary growth, rehabilitation of continuty of maxillary arch and providing bone for periodontal support for unerupted teeth. The bone grafting for alveolar cleft defect repair are classsified; primary bone grafting, early secondary bone grafting secondary bone grafting and late secondary bone grafting. In this article, we reported the cases of PMCB grafts for repair of the alveolar clefts showed potential benifit to the patient to induce a normal maxillary growth and providing bone foor periodontal support of unerupted teeth.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of depressive patients who admitted to general hospital. We examined the clinical characteristics of patients who were referred to the Department of Psychiatry as depressive symptoms, according to the type of consultation request, and comparing 'with re-consultation' and 'without re-consultation' groups. Methods : We performed a retrospective chart review of 4,966 inpatients who were referred to the Department of Psychiatry from August 2005 to December 2011. Results : For about 6 years, among the inpatients referred for psychiatric consultation, a total of 647 patients were referred for depressive symptoms, accounting for 13.82% of the total consultations. The average age of depressive patients was 58.6 years, which was higher than the average of 56.4 years of overall patients. Among the depressive patients, 275 patients were included in 'with re-consultation' group and there was no statistically significant difference when comparing 'with re-consultation' group and 'without re-consultation' group. However, there was a difference in the tendency of the two groups in the type of consultation request. 'With re-consultation' group was in the order of frequency of consultation type 3-2-1, whereas the 'without re-consultation' group was in the order of frequency of consultation type 2-3-1. Conclusions : The group of inpatients who were referred for depressive symptoms in general hospital showed the largest proportion of the group of patients referred to the Department of Psychiatry. 'With re-consultation' group had a higher rate of re-consultation due to the occurrence of new symptoms after hospitalization compared to 'without re-consultation' group. Therefore, doctors in each department and psychiatrists should pay attention to the depressive symptoms of inpatients and actively discuss treatment plans to improve the quality of medical services, identify risk factors, and make efforts to intervene early if necessary.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.674-678
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• 1998

The conventional surgical treatment of isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery restores a less physiologic perfusion of the myocardium, leads to occlusion of the left coronary ostium, and consumes an appreciable length of bypass material. From June 1994 to February 1996, eleven patients, three male and eight female, underwent patch angioplasty and additional bypass graft to left anterior descending artery (10 internal mammary artery, 1 saphenous vein) in isolated critical left main coronary artery stenosis. Their ages ranged from 34 to 62 years, mean 44 years. All had 60% to 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and Class III angina. The angiogram showed nine osteal lesion and three main stem stenosis. The operation was performed with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and cold blood cardioplegia. We approached anteriorly and used bovine pericardium as onlay patch in all patients. There were one leg wound dehiscence, but no operative deaths and infarctions. All patients are free of symptoms after a mean follow-up of 15.5 months. Angiographic restudy at an average 14.4 months was obtained in five patients and showed widely patent left main coronary artery with excellent runoff. But additional graft to left anterior descending coronary artery were stenosed in two patients and showed diminutive flow in others. Our preliminary results suggest that angioplasty of the left main coronary artery can be carried out with low operative risks. But additional bypass graft to left anterior descending coronary artery may be unnecessary. The technique appears to be a promising alternative to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in isolated left main coronary artery stenosis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.111-119
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• 2007

Sensor networks are needed for special purposes such as collecting or transmitting information by using sensor devices, for which various routing protocols have been proposed. Among existing protocols, the modified PEGASIS routing technique is known to be effective when applied to cases with directional transmissions of data. However it does not consider recovery from errors or guaranteeing stability in data transmission, while sensor devices performing repetitive relays and controls are prone to errors. In this paper, a double relay routing protocol for Zigbee based sensor networks where data are transfered reliably with a linear direction. The proposed protocol is effective in the sense that it secures the relaible transmission of data with minimal energy consumption based on a directional data transfer. A streetlight control system has been presented as an application of the proposed protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Background : The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) by comparing the results of the continuous performance test (CPT) and the CAT in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method : A total of 110 children and adolescents with ADHD (mean age : 11.2${\pm}$2.9 years, 76 boys) and 36 children and adolescents without ADHD (mean age : 12.0${\pm}$2.7 years, 25 boys) completed the CAT. We compared the specificity and sensitivity of the CPT and CAT at two different cut-off points via the McNemar test. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) between the two groups were compared using Medcalc software. Results : The sensitivity and specificity of the CPT were .419 and .806, respectively. The sensitivity of the CAT was .827, which was significantly higher than that of the CPT (p<.001), and the specificity of CAT is .444, which was significantly lower than that of CPT (p<.001). The AUC of the CPT and CAT was .664 and .692, respectively, and there were no significant difference between the two groups on the paired comparison (p=.513). Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that the CAT has moderate specificity and high sensitivity. The CAT can be used as a useful tool to evaluate the neuropsychological function of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 1992

The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), in the subjects of 127 male and 38 female patients with anxiety disorder. The authors investigated 165 patients in Yeungnam university hospital from January, 1987 to June, 1991. In order to analyze the data on anxiety scores Pearson's product moment coefficient correlation method and factor analysis were carried out by SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows : There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety scores among patients with anxiety, disorder and male and female college freshmen: patients with anxiety disorder scored $42.40{\pm}7.74$, male students scored $32.91{\pm}5.70$, female students scored $34.48{\pm}6.00$. The anxiety scores relating to the items of body aches & pains, fatigue, anxiousness, panic, and urinary frequency were relatively high in patients with anxiety disorder. The anxiety scores on the items of restlessness, apprehension, dyspnea, sweating, and insomnia were relatively low in patients with anxiety disorder. Twenty-nine anxiety disorder group(17.5%) showed significantly high anxiety scores of 50 or over. The inter-rater reliability of Zung's self-rating anxiety scale was 0.71.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1992

Background: The lung is the most common site of metastasis and usually it manifests as a single or multiple nodules in chest X-ray. But less commonly the cancer spreads through the lymphatics and X-ray shows diffuse reticulonodular densities. Sometimes, patient is presented with respiratory symptoms only with interstitial lung infiltration before the signs of primary tumor and in that cases, the differential diagnosis with other interstitial lung disease is required. We have experienced 5 such cases, who were diagnosed as lymphangitic carcinomatosis by transbronchial lung biopsy. Methods: Clinical manifestation, pulmonary function test, modified thin section CT, bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy were done. Results: The primary tumor was gastric cancer in 3, lung cancer in 2. Pulmonary function test showed restrictive pattern with low DLco in 2 patients and obstructive pattern in one. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed lymphocytosis in 4 patients and malignant cells were found in one patient. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed malignant cells localized to the lymphatics (peribronchial, perivascular and perialveolar). Cell type was adenocarcinoma in 4 and squamous cell carcinoma in one. Conclusion: Rarely lymphangitic carcinomatosis can be presented as diffuse interstitial lung disease and easily diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.597-604
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• 2018

Although the core mechanisms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unknown, several ADHD-associated proteins have been studied. G-protein - coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1 (GIT1) is a multifunctional adapter protein that affects neuron growth and dendrite formation. GIT1-deficient mice have shown ADHD-like behavior and also recovered through amphetamine treatment. In this study, gliotransmitters were investigated in both intracellular and extracellular space from GIT1-deficient mice. To measure the amount of gliotransmitters, primary astrocyte cultures were taken from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of wild (WT), hetero (HE), and knock-out (KO) mice. Major gliotransmitters were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was observed that the amount of excitatory and inhibitory gliotransmitters were dependent on genotype and showed a change in excitation/inhibition ratios. Interestingly, the major excitatory gliotransmitter, glutamate, existed at the lowest level in WT mice, but the amount of inhibitory gliotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, varied depending on brain region. Remarkably, an increased amount of GABA was measured at the intracellular cerebrum in WT mice compared with KO mice. It was presumed that KO mice would secrete more inhibitory gliotransmitters to compensate for GIT1 depletion or else acquire a defect to reuptake-secreted GABA. This may be a possible mechanism for ADHD pathology.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2001

Objective : To investigate the postoperative result and prognostic factors in cerebellopontine meningioma. Materials & Methods : During the years 1990 through 1999, a retrospective study of 17 cerebellopontine angle meningiomas was performed. The retromastoid approach was used in all cases : 14 tumors were excised totally and 3 tumors subtotally. Results : Fourteen patents were females with a median age of 58.7 years. The most common presenting complaints were 8th cranial nerve dysfunction and headache. Most of the tumors were large(>4cm) and extended into the tentorial regions. Histological examination revealed benign meningiomas in 16 patients and atypical in one patient. Tumors were located posterior to the internal auditory meatus in 11 cases and anterior in three cases with three cases of en-plaque type. Two of three patients whose tumors were subtotally excised received radiation therapy. Tumor has recurred in one patient. Postoperative result was good in 16 cases with one mortality case. Conclusion : This results suggest that site of 7th-8th cranial nerves complex, en-plaque type meningioma, and petroclival meningioma extended into the clivus were significant prognostic factors. Postoperative radiation therapy is recommended for cases of subtotal resection.