• The Korea Swine Journal
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• v.23 no.9 s.265
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• pp.146-150
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• 2001

양돈장의 소득향상을 위하여 능력이 우수한 번식돈을 확보하여 모돈두당 년간 이유두수(PSY)를 높여 품질이 우수한 비육돈의 출하두수와 출하체중을 증가시켜야 한다. 고능력 번식모돈을 확보하기 위해서는 유전적으로 산자수가 많고 비유능력이 우수하여 자돈의 복당 이유시 체중이 무거운 가계능력이 우수한 혈통을 가진 후보돈을 구입해야 하고, 외형적으로는 건강상태가 양호하여 후보돈의 교배시 등지방층이 16mm이상이고, 유두수가 많고 유두의 배열 및 간격이 일정하고 유두상태가 양호하여 부유두와 맹유두가 2개 이하이며, 외부 생식기의 발달이 좋으며, 지제가 튼튼한 후보돈을 선발 구입하여 돈군의 적정한 산차 구성을 유지하는 것이 바람직하다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.819-830
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• 2008

The object of this study was to investigate different levels of extruded rice product(Nutri-RS®) supplementation as an alternative to lactose on growth performance, diarrhea score, fecal E.coli and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) Control(basal), L3(basal+3% extruded rice product), L6(basal+6% extruded rice product). The control diet in Phase I and Phase II contained 16 and 9% of lactose, respectively. For the feeding trial, a total of 81 crossbred pigs, averaging 7.56±1.18 kg body weight, were allotted to three treatments in three replicates with nine pigs per pen by RCBD. The experimental period was total 5 weeks. During the whole experimental period, there were no significant differences in growth performance, diarrhea score, fecal volatile fatty acid concentration among all treatments. Although there were no significant differences, pigs fed diet of L6 tended to show higher BW and ADG, ADFI, and fecal volatile fatty acid concentration compared to other treatments. Treatment L6 showed the lowest fecal E. coli count among all treatments(P<0.05). These results suggested that inclusion of extruded rice product has similar performance a with 6% of lactose in diet for weaning pigs and reduce approximately 9% production cost of weaning pig's diet. Therefore, extruded rice product could be utilized as an alternative feed ingredient to lactose in weaning pig’s diet.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.561-569
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• 2004

To detect viral agents and isolate porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), 60 samples of lung and lymph node were collected from 5 to 12 week-old pigs that had showed clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were conducted to identify the viral pathogens including PCV1, PCV2, porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) that have been considered to be the causal agents of PMWS. Among 60 samples, PCV 2 was detected from 57 samples but no PCV 1 was detected. PRRSV and/or PPV were also detected from 27 (47.4%) samples and 1 (1.8%) sample of these 57 PCV 2-positive samples, respectively. Tissue homogenates were inoculated onto PCV-free PK-15 cell monolayers. Seven isolates were confirmed as PCV 2 by multiplex PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and transmissible electron microscopy. These date suggest that PRRSV is a major cofactors causing PMWS in pigs that were infected with PCV2 in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.266-273
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of diet supplementation with complex probiotics (CPB), on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, noxious gas, and fecal microflora in weaning pigs. On the basis of body weight, a total of 234 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 6.14±0.78kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments and 6 replicates (13 pigs per pen). The experimental diets were fed in a meal form for 28 days (days 0-14, PhaseI, and days 15-28, PhaseII). The dietary treatment groups were as follows: T1 (basal diet), T2 (T1+0.13% CPB) and T3 (T1+0.25% CPB). The CPB supplement contained Bacillus subtilis 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Enterococcus faecium 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g, Bacillus licheniformis 3.0×10⁸ CFU/g, and Bacillus polyfermenticus 3.0×10⁸ CFU/g. Pigs fed the T3 diet showed an increase (p<0.05) in the overall average daily gain and average daily feed intake, increased (p<0.05) crude protein digestibility in PhaseI, and greater (p<0.05) dry matter and gross energy digestibility in PhaseII. Supplementation of CPB had no effect on the blood profile. Furthermore, pigs fed the T3 diet had lower (p<0.05) NH₃ emission and overall count of fecal Clostridium spp. In conclusion, we believe that CPB supplementation has a beneficial effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas, and fecal microflora in weaning pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-starch from corn processing to replace dried whey in weaned pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs were weaned at 21 days of age weighing 6.01±0.34 kg in average. Five week feeding trial consisted of phase 1(0~2 wks) and phase 2(3~5 wks). Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) BS5(whey 5%, partial substitution of bio-starch), 3) BS10(whey 10%, partial substitution of bio-starch) and 4) BS15(whey 15%, partial substitution of bio-starch). There were four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. During the overall period, there were no significant differences in the ADG(average daily gain) and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(P>0.05). However, the ADFI(average daily feed intake) was higher in BS5 and BS15 treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). At the 2nd week, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were increased(quadratic effect, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively; cubic effect, P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the last week of the experiment, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility were increased(P<0.05) with the highest at 5% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the 2nd week total protein concentration was increased(linear effect, P=0.04; cubic effect, P=0.01) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. Also, BUN(blood urea nitrogen) was increased(linear effect, P=0.01) as the level of bio-starch inclusion increased in the diets. Fecal consistency score was inclined to lowers CON treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, the result of trial indicates that bio-starch can be included at the level of 5~10% of weaning pig diet replacing part of the dried-whey, and digestibilities were positively affected by bio-starch at growth stage.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixing with unfamiliar piglets on changes in the body surface temperature of sows and piglets during the suckling period. A total of 123 pigs (12 sows and 111 piglets) were used for this study. A control group of piglets of the same litter was maintained in the farrowing pen and compared to a treatment group of piglets of three different litters mixed by removing the partition in the farrowing pen. In the treatment group, mixing of piglets was performed at 10:00 a.m. on day 11 after parturition, and the body surface temperature of sows and piglets was taken using a thermo-graphic camera at 30 minutes after mixing. In the case of sows, the average surface temperature of the treatment group ($37.1^{\circ}C$) was significantly higher than that of the control ($36.3^{\circ}C$; p<0.05); however, the hot spot temperatures did not differ significantly between groups. In contrast, the average surface temperature of piglets was significantly decreased by mixing (37.5 and $36.0^{\circ}C$ in the control and treatment, respectively; p<0.01). Moreover, the hot spot temperature tended to be lower in the treatment ($39.1^{\circ}C$) than the control ($39.4^{\circ}C$), although there was no significant difference (p=0.079). These results suggest that mixing of unfamiliar piglets during the suckling period leads to changes in the body surface temperature of sows and piglets. In the future, the correlation between body surface temperature and body core temperature should be analyzed, and additional studies investigating the effects of mixing on the physiological changes in sows and piglets are required.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of non-climatic environmental factors on growth performances and behavioural patterns of weanling pigs. Three hundred and sixty weanling pigs were contained and carried out with three levels of spaces per pig(0.18, 0.23 and 0.30$m^2$) and three different numbers of pigs per pen(15, 20 and 25 pigs) up to 30kg body weight. Designed by using a 3 $\times$ 3 factorial arrangement(three levels of spaces $\times$ three different numbers of pigs). This experiment investigated the effects of main factors and the relationship between each factors. The result of this experiment were summarized as follows ; 1. The reduction of floor space caused the reduction of feed/gain in the weanling pigs. Pigs responded with the increased feed intake(p<0.01) and with no change in body weight gain. 2. There were no significant differences in the body weight gain and feed/gain in weanling pigs by changing group sizes, but group size affected the feed intake significantly(p<0.01). 3. Space allowance affected the behavioural patterns significantly(p<0.01) of weanling pigs. The reduction of floor space caused the increment of aggressive behaviour and weanling pigs responded with the decreased resting, non aggressive social and play behaviour. 4. There were no significant differences in the resting, eating, aggressive and non aggressive social behaviour in weanling pigs by changing group sizes, but the large group size caused the reduction of play behaviour in the weanling pigs(p<0.01). 5. Therefore we concluded that weanling pigs require 0.23$m^2$ per pig and 20~25 pigs per pen for the better environment condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1606-1610
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• 2004

This study was. conducted to investigate the effects of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation on growth. performance, nutrient digestibility and hematological changes in weaned pigs. Seventy five Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$ Landrace pigs (7.21$\pm$0.02 kg average BW) were used in a 20 d growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) NC (negative control; basal diet), 2) PC (positive control; NC diet + 0.1% Apramycin + 0.1% Oxytetracycline), 3) ALA0.l (NC diet+0.l% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid), 4) ALA0.2 (NC diet+0.2% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid) and 5) ALA + AB (PC diet+0.2% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid). In entire experimental period, ADG (Average Daily Gain) was greater in pigs fed ALA + AB diet than in pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ADG for pigs fed PC, ALA0.l or ALA0.2 diets. Also, ADFI (Average Daily Feed Intake) and G/F (Gain/Feed) were not affected by treatments. For 20 d, fecal digestibilities of DM (Dry Matter) and N (Nitrogen) were higher (p<0.05) for pigs fed ALA + AB diet than for pigs fed NC and ALA0.l diets. Total protein concentration of serum was increased in ALA + AB treatment compared to NC and PC treatments (p<0.05). In iron concentration of serum, pigs fed $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation diets were greater than for pigs fed NC and PC diets (p<0.05). TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) concentration of serum was increased in ALA + AB treatment compared to NC, PC and ALA0.l treatments (p<0.05). Pigs fed ALA + AB and ALA0.2 diets were higher hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) concentration of blood than pigs fed NC and PC diets (p<0.05). RBC and WEC concentrations of blood were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the pigs fed ALA0.2 and ALA + AB diets than for pigs fed NC diet. Lymphocyte concentration of blood was increased in $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation treatment compared to NC treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation for weanling pigs had improved growth performance and nutrient digestibilities and had increased total protein, iron, hemoglobin and lymphocyte concentration of blood. Also, feeding for dietary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid and antibiotic mixture supplementation may have more higher effective growth performance in weanling pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.939-944
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• 2002

We have screened the microorganisms from pigs feces for the development of probiotics which have acid-and bile-tolerance. Among them, a strain which was identified as Enterococcu durans LP44 was selected. Sixty Duroc$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Landrace pigs (6.30$\pm$0.04 kg average initial body weight) were used in a 14 days growth assay to determine the effects of Enterococco duran Lf44 culture on growth performance of weaned pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) DF (dry feeding),2) W (wet feeding),3) WF+5ED (wet feeding+5% Enterocucu duran LP44 culture),4) WF+ 10ED (wet feeding +10% Enterococcus durans LP44 culture). For overall periods, average daily gain in pigs fed % diet tended to increase compared to pigs fed DF diet without significant difference. Also, there was no significant difference in gain/feed. At 5 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+5ED and WF+10ED diets were significantly increased in dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities compared to pigs fed DF and W diets (p<0.05). At 14 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+ 10ED diet were significantly increased in dry matter digestibility compared to pigs fed DF diet (p<0.05). Also, pigs fed WF + 10ED diet were significantly increased in nitrogen digestibility compared to other treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Enterococcus durans LP44 was an effective means of improving ADG and nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyse of association between growth traits and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) polymorphism of phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK 2) gene in pigs. The birth weight of piglet influences on weaning weight and survival rate that are import economic traits in pig industry. Also, these growth traits are representative factor to decrease a period getting to marketing weight as well as growth rate in pig. The PGK 2 is an isozyme that catalyzes the first ATP-generating step in the glycolytic pathwayand important enzyme related with energy metabolism. Twenty of SNPs were discoveredby genome structure analysis that compares the sequence on promoter and transcription region of PGK 2 gene in porcine chromosome 7. An association between PGK 2 SNPs and growth traits was analyzed in $F_2$ reciprocal-crossbred population between korean native pig (KNP) and Landrace. Association analysis indicated that polymorphism of the PGK 2 gene promoter region has significant effects on weight at birth (p<0.01) and weight at 3 weeks of age (p<0.0001). These results suggest that PGK 2 gene polymorphism was associated with energy metabolism and physiological function of growth in pig.