• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.218-231
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• 1999

Pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA area were recorded from and filled with neurobiotin in anesthetized rats. The extent of their dendrites and the electropharmacological properties of membrane as well as the effect before and after neurobiotin injection were examined. Pyramidal cells had a high resting membrane potential, a low input resistance, and a large amplitude action potential. A afterhyperpolarization was followed a single action potential. Most pyramidal cells did not display a spontaneous firing. Pyramidal cell displayed weak inward rectification and anodal break excitation in response to negative current injection into the cell. Membrane properties of recorded neurons before and after neurobiotin injection with consecutive current injection were compared. Some properties were significantly increased after labelling(P>0.05); the duration and amplitude of sustained AHP, input resistance, and the number of action potentials for simultaneous intra- and extracellular stimulations. Neurobiotin-filled neurons showed pyramidal morphology. Cells were generally bipolar dendrite processes ramifying in stratum lacunosum-moleculare, radiatum, and oriens.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.383-402
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• 2007

World security market has continuously been growing since the 2000s. The growth rate seems to reach up to 7-8% annually. What is more, Korea is expected to be one of the most rapidly developing markets, Based of this view, this research investigates the principal drivers to have affected on the expansion of Korean security market over the past 20 years. In addition to that, this study also examines the influence of recent changes in the world economy and globalization, socio-demographic change, development of information technology on the future security market. The data reviewed in this study are official crime rates, socio-economic indicators, statistics from the National Police Agency and the business reports of a leading private security company. This study shows that several factors such as rising crime rates, lack of police capacities, national economic growth and rising household income have played important roles in development of Korean market. It is also expected to keep those positive affects on the future market. On the other side, in recent years, the security market seems to be increasingly affected by new social economic changes. Those are impact of last aging society, rapid increase of individual household and women's participation in labor market. These factors seem to increase personal and household needs for security service. World economy, globalization process and development of information technology are also deemed to give rise to social demands for surveillance, monitoring service and security in cyber space.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 1974

The field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of inoculation of Rhizobium and interaction between amount of nitrogen and inoculating in soybean with 4 replicated split plot design. Main plot was 4 level of nitrogen 0, 2, 6, 12kg/10a and subplot was inoculation and uninoculation. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The yield of soybean did not show any significant difference among nitrogen level or between inoculating but yield of inoculated plot was a little increased than that of uninoculation. 2. At four leaves stage and flowering stage, the weight of nodules in root was decreased with incresing amount of nitrogen significantly and uninoculation caused a reduction compared with modulation significantly and those tendency was same in plant height, and those difference among treatment was more distinct in four leaves stage than in flowering stage. 3. After harvest, total nitrogen content in soil was not only increased with increasing nitrogen level but also was more increased in inoculated plot than in uninoculated plot except nitrogen 0kg/10a level. Inoculation of Rhizobium raised 15kg of nitrogen per l0a at 6kg nitrogen level compared with uninoculation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.748-757
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• 2019

This study was intended to investigate the effects of forest therapy programs using school forest on the emotional stability and positive thinking of university students. The subjects were divided into an experimental group and a controlled group, and the number of subjects in each group was 35 and 25, respectively. The forest therapy program was conducted once a week from 4 September to 12 December in 2018 for a total of 8 sessions, and each session lasted two hours (120 minutes). The subjects were examined in the emotional state and positive thinking before and after the forest therapy program. To determine the difference in emotional stability and positive thinking before and after the program, I conducted a paired t-test and analyzed the data with the SPSS 21.0 program. The results indicated that students who participated in the program showed a significant increase in the stabilize emotional state and positive thinking. This study shows that forest therapy programs using school forests have an effect on students' emotions and positive thinking. Thus, it is necessary to promote the forest therapy program as an alternative activity for the treatment and prevention of mental health of university students.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.235-243
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• 2008

Construction projects have unique characteristics that these may be carried out by contractors thus, cost should be estimated before execution. The importance of cost estimation and cost check has become increasingly emphasized in all phases of construction project that would be performed numerously. It is needed that owner have to estimate reasonable budget, and contractor should predict the bid price. However, there are lack of standard cost estimation method before quantity takeoff, cost analysis method, and cost database thus, the method of area cost, such as square foot method, is as used as ever in Korea. Therefore, this research suggested standard cost database structure CUBE, and analysis method of item quantity per one household categorized by area type. Whereafter, database of all item quantity of finish work has been built with 90 building cost data, and validated it's availability. In this respect, the suggested method and the findings from this research are expected to help enhancing the efficiency and productivity of cost estimation in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.481-487
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• 2020

This study examined the behavior change of river levees during an earthquake by numerical analysis. Unlike conventional research using artificial earthquake waves, earthquake analysis was performed using real earthquake waves. The behavior of a river levee before and after an earthquake was compared and analyzed quantitatively. Studies show that the river levee has a safety factor of approximately 28.5% due to an earthquake. On the other hand, the minimum standard safety factor is satisfied. Vertical effective stress has decreased by 81.8% due to excess pore-water pressure generated by the earthquake. In addition, liquefaction occurs in most of the foundation soil. An examination of the stress-displacement behavior due to the earthquake revealed a large amount of settlement in the backfill layer. Most of the foundation soil yielded. Therefore, the target river levee is quite vulnerable to earthquakes. Through the results of this study, the necessity of refreshing the seismic design standards for river levees is required. This study can be used as basic data for estimating the approximate damage level and vulnerable areas.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust have been widely used to investigate emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity in many studies. On the contrary, surprise emotion, Suggested also as one of the basic emotions suggested by Ekman et al. (1983), has been least investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of cardiovascular responses on surprise stimulus using electrocardiograph (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG). ECG and PPG were recorded from 76 undergraduate students, as they were exposed to a visuo-acoustic surprise stimulus. Heart rate (HR), standard deviation of R-R interval (SD-RR), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD-RR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), finger blood volume pulse amplitude (FBVPA), and finger pulse transit time (FPTT) were calculated before and after the stimulus presentation. Results show significant increase in HR, SD-RR, and RMSSD-RR, decreased FBVPA, and shortened FPTT. Evidence suggests that surprise emotion can be characterized by vasoconstriction and accelerated heart rate, sympathetic activation, and increased heart rate variability, parasympathetic activation. These results can be useful in developing an emotion theory, or profiling surprise-specific physiological responses, as well as establishing the basis for emotion recognition system in human-computer interaction.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.895-905
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• 2015

Citizens should be sensitive to the complex and controversial SSIs (Socioscientific Issues), be able to make a responsible decision with evidence and empathy, and furthermore take political action for the larger welfare. The premise of this research is that understanding the nature of science (NOS) takes an important role when students and adults participate in the discourse on SSIs because SSI reasoning requires individuals to examine information and counter-information with skepticism. We therefore designed SSI programs that were incorporated with NOS by adapting a contextualized-reflective approach. The leading research question was to what extent SSI contexts contributed to promoting students' understanding of NOS. A total of 71 11th grade students participated in this program. The school was located in an urban city near the capital city of Seoul, South Korea. We designed SSI programs to cover the issues of genetically modified organisms, climate change, and nuclear energy. Each issue required four to six class periods to complete. We conducted pre- and post-program tests using the revised VNOS-C, recorded group discussions or debates and collected student worksheets to observe the increase of student NOS understanding. As a result of this program, students showed moderate improvement in their understanding of NOS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.101-114
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• 2008

This study has been carried out in an effort to bring light on the job scope which is required among the fashion models in Korea, then to sort out the concrete items of job pursuant to the job scope for the systemization of them. For this study, ten models who majored a fields of industry and the college in Korea, have gathered to analyze the job of the fashion models using the DACUM. As a result of it, the jobs of the fashion models have been classified into 7 duties and subsequent 86 tasks, while the fashion models entry jobs have been divided into 32 tasks(37.21%) that are necessary in the college before appointment. The result of analysis which investigates the relation between the significancy, the degree of difficulty and the frequency of the business, has it that the number of high-significancy business rises to 46 tasks(53.49%), high degree of difficulty business reaches to 21 tasks(24.41%), high frequency business is 18 tasks(20.93%), high degree of significancy and difficulty business stands at 13(15.12%), high significancy and frequency business amounts to 16 tasks(18.60%), and high degree of significancy, difficulty and frequency business reaches to 7 tasks(8.14%) respectively. These results should be actively reflected on the college curriculum before appointment, and on the job retraining courses for the incumbent fashion models, so as to enhance their job competency.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.273-287
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the epidemic disease including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS) on the usage of public libraries. Such disease yields anxiety throughout the nation and discourages social activities in general. 18,711,453 records from 303 public libraries were examined with "big data retrieval & analysis platform for public libraries" located in Sejong National Library. The results are as follows. First, in 2015, when MERS was prevalent, the daily mean of books checked out was 64,645.05, showing decrease of 6,300 per day compared to that of 2014. Second, in 2014, the daily mean of books checked out from July 5th to August 19th was greater than that of from April 4th to May 19th and that of from May 20th to July 4th, implying the impact of summer vacation on the increase in books checked out in public libraries. Third, in 2015, the daily mean of books checked out from July 5th was greater than during MERS outbreak(from May 20th to July 4th), while it did not show statistically significant difference with that of before the outbreak. Fourth, the daily mean of books checked out did not show statistically significant difference between 2014 and 2015 before and during the outbreak, while it showed statistically significant difference between 2014 and 2015 after the epidemic period. The results indicate that MERS and the anxiety it brought nationwide had an impact on the daily mean of books checked out in public libraries after the epidemic period rather than during the outbreak.