• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2012

This study is determined by tree vigor of analyzing of each object's growth condition in Locational Characteristics and compare the result with impediment extent rate in crown area to provide the management Study about the influence of man-made structures in numbers of protected trees. 68 places where are in the list of Kimpo protected trees were researched in Natural environments, vital degree of trees, number of trees. Crown area was calculated surveying it around the directions of North, East, South and West branching out. Impediment in the area was analyzed after classified into artificial impediment like paved surface(ascon, concrete, block, etc.), a building and a breast wall and natural impediment like soil, stonework and gravel and conclusions are as follow. In analyzing of natural environments, he ground where protected trees have located is consist of 72.05 of manmade structure and artificial in all. There are many protected trees which have less space than crown area for growth suggested by Woo-kyung Sim and Se-kyun Shin in 1992. And it was analyzed that making growth space for protected trees and management of impediment are urgently needed because of that the proportion of impediment covering the crown area has increased as cities are becoming more urbanized results in transforming of trees and weakness of tree vigor. This research shows that under 20% of in crown area is tree vigor determination 1-2 grade 21-50% under is 2-3 grade, higher than 50% is 3-5 grade. More impediment have more difficulty for growing, with the management of root system of protected trees need to be under 20% of rate of land is necessary was improved. As follows are suggested about the standard of management in artificial impediment which influence the number of trees. Firstly, impediment in crown area must be restricted under 20%, but in case outside of the area is not artificial the rate could be higher considerable. Secondly, protected trees growth space secured as much as crown area and impediment must be installed outside the crown area. Thirdly, to move the protected trees, condition of growth space secure must be considered. Fourthly, to develope land, the area around protected trees should be utilized in a park, the area of impediment installation in crown area should be limited as well. Fifthly, As many shown in previous research, for the improvement of old big trees and protected trees, need the tax favor of landowner and purchase of around land, to manage, it needs the budget of local government and advice of expert. Also the study on how various kind of impediment nearby protected trees influence on them has to be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the process of formation of modern gardens. Based on the analysis of the process of formation and transformation of the Jemulpo in Incheon and the details of the modern garden construction. The results are as follows; First, the formation of the Incheon Residence Site began in 1876 with the signing of the Joseon-Japan Treaty. Jemulpo used to be a desolate fishing village in the past, but after its opening in 1881, the Japanese settlement, Chinese settlement, and the general foreign settlement were formed. After that, Japan reclaimed the southern mudflats and expanded the theire settlement area, and advanced to the Joseon area(currently Sinheung-dong). In Japanese colonial era, modern Japanese urban landscapes were transplanted into the settlement area, centering on the Japanese modern gardens were distributed in the area around the center of the settlement area. Second, after examining the process of creating the garden for the Rikidake villa, Japanese Rikidake purchased a site for an orchard in Uri-tang, who was a major landowner in Incheon, to create the garden. At the time of Rikidake's residence, the garden was very large, measuring about 3,000 pyeong, and after liberation, it was acquired by Incheon City and used as Yulmok Children's Library. It was known as a rich village at the time of the opening of the port, and a garden was located at the highest point in Yulmok-dong, making it easy to see the Incheon Port area. Also, a spot located about 300 meters away from Rikidake's rice mill may have affected the location selection. Third, today's Rikidake villa has a Japanese-style house on a trapezoidal site, with a garden of about 990 square meters on the south side. Currently, it is possible to enter from the south and from Yulmok Children's Park in the north, but in the past, the main direction of the house was to view the Incheon Port, settlement area, and the Rikidake Rice Mill, so the house was located in front of the garden. The garden is a multi-faceted style with stone lanterns, tombstones, garden stones, and trees placed on each side, and is surrounded by arboreal plants such as attention, strobe pine, and maple trees, as well as royal azaleas. The view from the inside of the house was secured through shrub-oriented vegetation around the house.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to improve interaction with the construction subject by analyzing the contents and contents of users' involvement in landscaping works. For this purpose, this study selected the Gwanggyo Residential Land Development District Public Landscape Project in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province. For four years before and after the completion, the opinions of tenants were used as research data. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of 412 complaints received by the project implementation office and local government were conducted. As a result, first, the main purpose of suggesting opinions was 'demanding and expressing complaints', and there were many 'parks' and 'rivers'. In terms of content, "quality" was the most pointed out, but many kinds of trees, such as tree planting, ecological river construction, and pavement construction were also mentioned. Second, the extraction of key words from content analysis was the most common method. Followed by 'additional foodstuff' and 'moving to the toilet and management building'. Much of the point of view about dead wood has continued to be conspicuous in the process of waiting to be dealt with at the time of transplanting. Third, the validity of the contents of the complaints was evaluated as a five - point scale. Therefore, the opinions raised were unreasonable, but overall, there were more complaints with certain objectivity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.389-393
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil acidification on the growth of 3-year-old Pinus densiflora seedlings grown for 21 weeks in brown forest soils acidified with $H_2SO_4$ solution. The concentrations of Al in the acidified soils were increased with increasing amount of $H^+$ added to the soil. The total dry weight of the seedlings was reduced by the addition of the $H_2SO_4$ solution. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation (r=0.97, p<0.01) between the dry weight of the seedlings and the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio of the soil. The seedlings with the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio of 1.0 resulted from approximately 50% growth reduction compared with the control value. The results suggest that the molar (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio of the soil may be a useful indicator for assessing the critical load of acid deposition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2001

The effects of Al and Mn concentration on dry weight growth, nutrient status and gas exchange rates of 2-Year-old Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora) seedlings grown in a nutrient culture solution were investigated. Al was added as aluminum chloride at 0, 10, 30 or 60ppm, and Mn was added as manganese chloride at 0, 30 or 60ppm to the nutrient culture solution. The pH of the solution was maintained at 4.0 by adding HCl or NaOH solution. The seedlings were transplanted into the nutrient culture solution, then they were grown in a greenhouse for 90 days. The interactive effects of Al and Mn on the dry weight growth of the seedlings were not significant. There were a main effect of Al or Mn on the dry weight growth and element concentrations of the seedlings. The treatment with Al of ${\geq}10ppm$ or that with Mn of 60ppm induced a significant reduction in the dry weight growth, which indicates that the effect of Al is stronger than that of Mn. The chlorophyll content of needles was not affected by Al treatment, but was significantly reduced by treatment with Mn of 60ppm. Furthermore, the treatment with Al of 60ppm or that with Mn of ${\geq}30ppm$ caused a significant reduction in the dark respiration rate of the roots. The net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings reduced with increasing the concentration of Al or Mn in the nutrient culture solution, which suggests that Al or Mn induced reductions in the relative growth rate(RGR) and net assimilation rate(NAR) of the seedlings were mainly due to the decrease of net photosynthesis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2019

벼룩이울타리(Arenaria juncea M.Bieb.)는 7~8월에 백색의 꽃이 취산화서로 아름답게 피며, 산지, 산비탈 또는 메마른 초지에 자생한다. 청열 및 양혈의 효능이 있고, 은시호의 대용으로 쓰이며, 뿌리에는 triterpenoid saponins과 sapogenin이 함유되어 있다. 본 연구는 분화용 식물로 벼룩이울타리를 활용하기 위한 효율적인 포트 정식방법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험은 2018년 선행연구에서 생산된 유묘를 7월 2일에 정식하여 10월 15일까지 약 15주 동안 재배하였다. 대조구는 플라스틱 화분 10호($9{\times}9cm$)에 원예상토를 충진하고 200구 트레이에 셀 당 4립씩 파종하여 생산된 1셀을 정식하였다. 재배 실험은 용기종류[비닐포트(3, 4치), 플라스틱 포트(8, 10, 12호)], 토양 종류[원예상토, 중화 피트모스:펄라이트(3:1, 4:1), 마사토:중화 피트모스(2:1, 3:1)], 묘의 소질[파종 립수(1, 2, 4, 6립), 파종 용기(162, 200, 288구 트레이)] 등을 달리하여 진행하였다. 연구의 결과, 벼룩이울타리는 토양의 양이 많을수록 생육이 양호한 결과를 보여, 플라스틱 12호에 재배하는 것이 분화용으로 가장 효과적이었다. 한편, 비닐 4치와 플라스틱 10호의 경우, 플라스틱 12호와 생육에 큰 차이가 없어 경제적인 것으로 판단된다. 벼룩이울타리는 원예상토에서 재배하는 것이 전반적으로 생육이 우수하였으며, 다음으로 마사토와 피트모스 혼용토 순이었다. 그러나 피트모스와 펄라이트 혼용토는 비율과 관계없이 생육이 감소하며, 잎에 황백화 현상이 나타났다. 셀당 파종량을 달리하여 육묘한 후 정식한 결과, 전반적인 생육은 1립 파종묘에서 양호하였으나, 2, 4, 6립 파종묘가 1립 처리구에 비해 포트당 엽수가 약 1.35, 1.44, 2.01배 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러므로 유묘 생산시 셀당 파종량을 늘려 재배하는 것이 분화용으로 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 파종용기별 유묘의 생육은 162, 200, 288구 트레이 순이었으나, 정식 후 약 15주 동안 재배한 결과, 162, 200구에서 생산된 유묘를 정식하는 것이 288구보다 양호하였다. 따라서, 육묘 단계에서 토양 및 공간을 절약할 수 있는 200구에 파종하여 재배하는 것이 효율적인 방법으로 생각된다. 결론적으로, 벼룩이울타리의 분화용 재배는 플라스틱포트 12호에 원예상토를 충진하고 200구 트레이에 4립 또는 6립을 파종하여 육묘한 묘를 정식하는 것이 가장 효과적이다. 한편, 경제적인 측면을 고려할 때, 재배면적을 적게 차지하는 비닐포트 4치 또는 플라스틱 포트 10호에 마사토와 중화 피트모스를 혼용하여 충진한 다음 유묘를 이식하는 것도 하나의 방법으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2019

현삼과(Scrophulariaceae)의 둥근산꼬리풀(Veronica rotunda Nakai)은 흰색의 꽃이 총상화서로 피며, 관상용으로 쓰인다. 또한, 접선골도라 하여, 전초를 약용하고 활혈, 지혈, 청폐열, 화간위에 효능이 있는 자생식물이다. 본 연구는 둥근산꼬리풀의 포트 재배방법 확립을 위하여 2018년 5월 15일에 파종하여 생산된 유묘를 7월 16일에 정식하여 10월 15일까지 약 14주 동안 수행하였다. 식재용기 실험은 비닐포트[3치($7{\times}7cm$), 4치($9{\times}8.5cm$)]와 플라스틱 화분[8호($7{\times}7cm$), 10호($9{\times}9cm$), 12호($10.5{\times}10.5cm$)]를 이용하였고, 토양 종류[중화 피트모스:펄라이트(3:1, 4:1), 마사토:중화 피트모스(2:1, 3:1)], 묘의 소질[파종 립수(1, 2, 4, 6립), 파종 용기(162, 200, 288구 트레이)] 등의 연구를 진행하였다. 대조구는 플라스틱 화분 10호에 원예상토를 충진하고 200구 트레이에 4립씩 파종하여 생산된 1셀을 정식하였다. 연구의 결과, 식재용기에 따른 둥근산꼬리풀의 생육은 플라스틱 12호 화분에서 가장 양호하였으며, 토양의 양이 많을수록 전반적인 생육이 증가하였다. 토양 종류별로는 원예상토에서 재배한 처리구에서 양호한 생육을 보였다. 중화 피트모스와 펄라이트 3:1 혼용토의 경우, 원예상토와 전반적인 생육에 큰 차이가 없어 이용가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 피트모스의 비율이 높은 4:1 혼용토에서는 비교적 생육이 억제되었으며, 잎이 황화되었다. 마사토와 중화 피트모스의 혼용토는 원예상토에 비해 왜화되는 결과를 보였으며, 측지수, 마디수, 엽수에는 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 그러나 개화율을 감소시키는 결과를 보였다. 셀당 파종한 종자의 양을 달리하여 생산된 유묘를 정식하여 재배한 결과, 전반적인 생육은 1립 파종구에서 양호하였다. 한편, 파종량이 많을수록 초장, 절간장이 감소하며, 포트당 마디수, 측지수 및 개화율이 증가하여, 본 연구의 목표인 관상적 이용에 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 파종용기별 생산된 유묘이식 결과, 초기생육이 왕성할수록 후기생육도 우수하였다. 162구 생산묘 정식구는 다른 처리구보다 전반적으로 생육이 왕성하였으며, 다음으로 200구 순이었다. 파종용기에 따른 묘의 크기는 정식 후의 개화율에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 둥근산꼬리풀의 재배는 플라스틱 화분 12호에 원예상토를 충진하여 162구 트레이에 셀당 6립 파종하여 생산된 유묘를 정식하는 것이 분화용 재배에 효과적인 것으로 생각된다. 한편, 재배에 이용되는 토양의 종류에 따른 비율 및 개화촉진 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.269-275
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• 2019

The aim of our study was to compare the wound responses and fine root development after root cutting and wound dressing among different tree species. The roots (2~4 cm in diameter) of mature Pinus densiflora, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, and Zelkova serrata grown in Sangju, South Korea, were cut every 6 months from May 2014 to November 2016. The cut roots were subjected to pastes of vaseline and organic fertilizer. Six months after cutting, fine root development in the cut roots was examined. There was a significant increase in the fine root development in P. serrulata and Z. serrata; however, the development was rarely observed in P. densiflora. Zelkova serrata showed the highest fine root development among the three species in both the control and organic paste treatment groups. No significant differences in fine root development were observed in P. serrulata among the treatments. These results indicate that different tree species exhibit different responses to wound dressing after root cutting, which suggests that specific treatments must be applied to specific tree species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 1982

This study was carried out to promote percent survival of the walnut seedling grafting. The hardwood scions of the walnut were grafted on the nures seed-stock of the Juglans mandshurica Mat in an electric heating bed, then planted in field. The results obtained from the study were as follows : The optimum time of scion cpllection was from January to February. The best medium of the seed bed was sandy soil. The best grafting time was form the early to the 20the of the march. When the grafted seedling in the heating bed was trans-planted on filed 90percent of the seedlings was survived until autmn. The percent grafting on the elective heating bed was 90%. Crown gall occuring frequently in chestnut nurse graft was not appeared in juglans mandshurica Max grafted seedling of after outplanting. The grafted seedlings have not shown any physiological defects but developed normaly 3 years since grafting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.4
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• pp.564-577
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the possibility of establishing a tree nursery at Saemangeum reclaimed land and to classify landscape trees based on the salt tolerance. A tree nursery (2.0 ha) was made in Gunsan Okgu area in 2012 with underground drain lines on the reclaimed land established in 2010. Salt content of the nursery soil within the 60 cm depth in 2013 was 5.13 dS/m and 8.20 dS/m for the pre-desalinated and non-desalinated lands, respectively. Thirty-six woody plant species (22 tree species and 14 shrub species at ages of 1 to 4) with a total of 3,943 individuals were planted in early April, 2013 and their growth performance was monitored until September of the same year. The average survival rate of the transplanted plants was 71.4% in late September, suggesting the high possibility of establishing a tree nursery at the reclaimed land. Based on the survival rate and tree vigor (amount of healthy leaves and crown development), the following 17 species with some salt tolerance were classified into three groups: "salt tolerant group" (3 species, Tamarix chinensis, Cudrania tricuspidata, Ilex serrata), "recommended group" (5 species, Pinus thunbergii, Albizia julibrissin, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Rosa rugosa, Pleioblatus pygmaeus), "plantable group" (9 species, Zelkova serrata, Hibiscus syriacus, Elaeagnus umbellata, Sorbus alnifolia, Sophora japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus parvifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia). Seven tree species that had been adapted to the reclaimed land for three to four years before being transplanted to new reclaimed land in Gunsan Okgu area showed average survival rate of 98%, suggesting that pre-conditioned trees would survive well in the reclaimed land.