• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.69-81
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• 2014

Herman $F{\ddot{u}}rst\;P{\ddot{u}}ckler-Muskau$ is one of important figures in German landscape architecture who designed both Muskau Park and Branitz Park and published garden book Andeutungen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ Landschaftgartenerei (Hints on Landscape Gardening) in 1834. He was a German nobleman who governed Muskau estates while working as both a writer and a landscape gardener. German landscape gardening was grounded on Romanticism, which was represented in diverse ways such as the reconciliation between man and nature, the liberation of reason, and the pursuit of liberty. The intellectuals came to have an interest on landscape gardening since the garden carried the cultural connotation such as the idealized epitome of nature. This study is to investigate how his idea of landscape gardening had been developed through his personal life and social background and to find out his landscape gardening theory and its unique gardening techniques. Finally, the inventive aspect of his garden theory and contemporary significances in practices were discussed. $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ personal experience and social background provide us to understand the idea of garden. First, there was a mixture between reality and fantasy in his garden theory. It was due to the influence of Romanticism and literary garden. Second, his gardening mentality and technique were influenced by the late 18th century English garden practices, which emphasized the expressive aspects. Third, $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ inner disposition and personal experience were represented in his garden design. Fourth, the intention of creating landscape garden for the local people might be a self realization of his contradictory characters between falling nobleman and liberal social leader. The significant value of $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ garden idea might be closely related in the dual nature of humanistic garden tradition and garden practice for social agenda. Therefore, his garden idea pursued of the comprehensive landscape strategies toward ideal communities and ethical spirits while concerning ecological, social, economic sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, his landscape gardening aims at the total landscape encompassing garden to region as well as the Gesamtkunst combing the beautiful with the useful. $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ holistic attitude gives us fresh insights and new directions to contemporary landscape theory and practice.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

The efficient strategies to cope with unpredictable and/or harmful environmental changes have been developed by every organism in order to ensure its survival and continuity of it's own species. As a results, all living things on earth maintain dynamically internal stability via a process termed 'homeostasis' among physiological parameters despite of external environment changes. Stress is an emotional and physical response to threat homeostasis. Stress may have not only transient but rather permanent effect on the organism; recent evidence clearly show that prenatal stress could organize or imprint permanently physiological systems without any change in genetic codes, a process known as 'epigenetic programming'. In this review, a series of reproduction-associated events occurred in prenatally stressed male rats such as alteration in the structure of sexually dimorphic brain regions, modification of neurotransmitter metabolism, changes in reproductive endocrine status, and finally, disorders of sexual behavior will be introduced. The fetal brain is highly sensitive to prenatal programming and glucocorticoids in particular have powerful brain-programming properties. The chronic hyperactivation of fetal brain by maternal stress-induced glucocorticoid input will provide new program via increasing the neuroplasticities. This 'increased neuroplasticities' will be the basis for the 'increased phenotypic plasticities' rendering the organism's better adaptation to environmental challenges. In conclusion, organism who experienced 'harsh' environment in his fetal life seems to give up a certain portion of reproductive competence to make good chance of survival in his future life by epigenetic (re)programming.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2003

The application of more complex radiotherapy techniques using multileaf collimation (MLC), such as 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), has increased the significance of verifying leaf position and motion. Due to thier reliability and empirical robustness, quality assurance (QA) of MLC. However easy use and the ability to provide digital data of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) have attracted attention to portal films as an alternatives to films for routine qualify assurance, despite concerns about their clinical feasibility, efficacy, and the cost to benefit ratio. In this study, we developed method for daily QA of MLC using electronic portal images (EPIs). EPID availability for routine QA was verified by comparing of the portal films, which were simultaneously obtained when radiation was delivered and known prescription input to MLC controller. Specially designed two-test patterns of dynamic MLC were applied for image acquisition. Quantitative off-line analysis using an edge detection algorithm enhanced the verification procedure as well as on-line qualitative visual assessment. In conclusion, the availability of EPI was enough for daily QA of MLC leaf position with the accuracy of portal films.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.321-343
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• 2013

The Reformation seems to have nothing to do with modern philosophy, but in reality closely related to it. From a philosophical point of view, the Reformation had a profound effect on the formation of modern philosophy in two respects. Voluntarism, asserting the predominance of divine will over divine reason, which is the basic principle of the Reformation, allowed an arbitrary interpretation of the Bible by ignoring the tradition of the Church and emphasizing 'Sola Fide'. As a result, the severe religious disputes arose and the modern intellectuals sought a deism and natural religion as an universal religion which is expected to put an end to religious conflicts. Moreover, voluntarism changed the way of inquiring nature from the speculative to the experimental based on observation and experiment, and provided the clues of the birth of experimental philosophy (empiricism) which is the experimental inquiry of human nature. In short, the Reformation brings about the search for universal religion on the one hand, but on the other the advent of experimental philosophy. Universal religion is not a mystic religion on which the religious behaviors and practices are based but just a world view that is the basis for scientific inquiry, and it was nothing but a philosophy for science. And also the experimental philosophy was a philosophy by science in that it is a science of human nature through experiment and observation, After all, the Reformation expelled religion from the main living room of philosophy and placed science on the spot instead.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.453-463
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the implicit narcissism of unmarried men and women in their 20s and 30s on the tolerance of violence in dating and the mediating effect of irrational relationship beliefs. To this end, major variables were measured through survey and statistical analysis was conducted on 215 unmarried men and women in their 20s and 30s who had experience in dating violence. Hierarchical regression was used to analyse the mediated effects of irrational relational beliefs in the relationship between intrinsic self-love propensity and dating violence tolerance, and hypothesis testing showed that introspective self-love affects the tolerance of dating violence. It was also found that irrational relationships were completely intertwined between implicit narcissism and dating violence tolerance. The results of these studies indicate that irrational interrelationships only affect the tolerance of dating violence. The results of this study are suggestive in that it can contribute to the development of counseling and education programs that can prevent dating violence by proving the mediating effect of irrational relationship beliefs about violence tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2016

Modern optical mechanisms slanted toward Ocular-centrism have neglected diverse functions of vision, judged objects in abstract and binary perspectives, and organized spaces accordingly, there by neglecting the function of eyes groping objects. Recently, various experiences have been induced through communication with other senses by the complex perception beyond the binary perception system of vision. Haptic perception is dynamic vision that induces accompanying bodily experiences through interaction among the various senses; it recognizes the characteristics of material properties and various sensitive stimulations of human beings. This study elaborates on the major features of haptic perception by examining the theoretical background of this concept, which stimulates the active experience of the subject and determines how characteristics of haptic perception are displayed in picturesque gardens. In order to identify the major features of haptic perception, this study examines how Adolf Hildebrand's theory of vision is developed, expanded, and reinterpreted by Alois Riegl, Wilhelm Worringer, Walter Benjamin, Maurice Merleau Ponty, and Gilles Deleuze in the histories of philosophy and aesthetics. Based thereon, the core differences in haptic perception models and visual perception models are analyzed, and the features of haptic perception are identified. Then, classical gardens are set for visual perception and picturesque gardens are set for haptic perception so that the features from haptic perception identified previously are projected onto the picturesque gardens. The research results drawn from this study regarding features of haptic perception presented in picturesque gardens are as follows. The core differences of haptic perception in contrast to visual perception can be summarized as ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries, generation of dynamic perspectives, induction of motility by indefinite circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty by the impossibility of perception. In picturesque gardens, the ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries are presented in the irregularity and asymmetric elements of planes and the rejection of a single view, and the generation of dynamic perspectives results from the adoption of narrative structure and overlapping of spaces through the creation of complete views, medium range views, and distant views, which the existing gardens lack. Thus, the scene composition technique is reproduced. The induction of motility by indefinite circulation is created by branching circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty are presented through the use of various elements and the adoption of 'roughness', 'irregularity', and 'ruins' in the gardens.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.41
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• pp.533-552
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• 2015

The environment of images in VR-based animation is constructed to generate and promote interactivity between the images and the viewer without any physical space like a screen, or a monitor. In this process, the images and the viewer are combined as a complex through the media technology, that is, an interface. And it is far more in the case of the animation consisted of the bio-feedback interface closely connecting with the body of viewer. As a result, the viewer experiences a permeable interaction between ego and images world, namely virtual reality. That is different from the way of seeing and interpreting the images from a distance. So it needs to analyse the perception of viewer in the world of virtual images. This paper examines the complex phenomena of both the VR-based animation and the viewer mediated by the interface in light of Media Aesthetics. Media Aesthetics is effective in analysing the phenomena of VR-based animation, for it is concerned with the perception of viewer mediated by the media technology. The perception in VR-based animation is a full-body immersion, or embodied immersion, and it is different from the contemplative immersion in that it is remediated continuously by the technological apparatus. The viewer as an immersant, especially with a bio-feedback interface, can immediately touch and control the images in VR-based animation. Such an immersion, therefore, is new every single moment. And the world of VR-based animation is ultimately constructed through the viewer's full-body, or embodied immersion crossing between the virtual and the real. So the animation is not interpreted, but embodied. And the meaning of it is constructed and reconstructed by the viewer's embodied immersion as an immersant. Here, a new frame of animation more oriented to the viewer's participation as an full-body immersant can be created.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.27
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• pp.267-361
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• 2008

This article traces how the modern Chinese "nation" was constructed as an "imagined community" around Huang-ti (the Yellow Emperor) in late Qing. Huang-ti was a legendary figure in ancient China and the imperial courts monopolized the worship of him. Many late Qing intellectuals appropriated this symbolic figure and, through a set of discursive strategies of "framing, voice and narrative structure," transformed him into a privileged symbol for modern Chinese national identity. What Huang-ti could offer was, however, no more than a "public face" for the imagined new national community, or in other words, a formal structure without substantial contents. No consensus appeared on whom the Chinese nation should include and where the Chinese nation should draw its boundaries. The anti-Manchu revolutionaries emphasized the primordial attachment of blood and considered modern China an exclusive community of Huang-ti's descent. The constitutional reformers sought to stretch the boundaries to include the ethnic groups other than the Han. Some minority intellectuals, particularly the Manchu ones, re-constructed the historic memory of their ethnic origin around Huang-ti. The quarrels among intellectuals of different political persuasion testify how Huang-ti as the most powerful cultural symbol became a site for contests and negotiations in the late Qing process of national construction.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-25
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• 2018

This research performed the empirical test for the effects of learning transfer on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, self-efficacy and work environment using 390 employees who have experienced e-learning in domestic and foreign companies. Analyzed the mediating effects of self-efficacy and work environment in addition to direct effect of each factor on learning transfer. The results showed that perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use of e-learning learner had a positive(＋) effect on self-efficacy and a positive influence on supervisor and peer support and organizational climate. Self-efficacy showed a positive effect on learning transfer, and supervisor support, peer support and organizational climate had a positive influence on learning transfer as well. Perceived usefulness also had a positive effect on learning transfer. However, perceived ease-of-use had no significant effect on learning transfer. As a result of the mediating effect analysis, self-efficacy and work environment were analyzed to have mediating effects between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and learning transfer. The implications of this study are as follows. First, this study designed a new research model that reflects factors influencing the effect of learning transfer on acceptance of e-learning that is common in corporate education. It has derived a research model of perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use, which were used as mediating variables for external characteristics factors, as independent variables, using self-efficacy and work environment as mediating variables, which were studied as external factors. Second, most of the studies on technology acceptance model and learning transfer are conducted in a single country. The reliability was enhanced by testing the study models using different samples from 26 countries. Third, perceived usefulness and ease-of-use in existing studies have been considered as key determinants of acceptance intention and learning transfer. This study explored the mediating effects of learner and environmental factors on the accepted information technology and strengthened and supplemented the path of learning transfer of perceived usefulness and ease-of-use. In addition, based on the sample analysis of various countries used in this study, it is expected that future international comparative studies will be possible.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2001

The importance of integrated approach have increased gradually in science education. But most of researches on integrated science have been based on the structure of science and epistemology. The investigations of students' psychological science domains are needed for effectiveness of integrated science in science curriculum and classrooms. In this study, for exploration of elementary school students' psychological science domains and their properties, students(N=96) were asked to classify scientific words presented on textbooks in several categories. Many psychological science domains were revealed. Among them, the domains that were over 20% are 'Electricity', 'The human body', 'The earth', 'Energy', 'Plant', 'Animal', 'Environment', 'Living things', 'Weather', 'Flower'. According to the results from analysis on the words that students presented in each domains, the participants hold strongly the relationships caused by everyday experiences. For example, 'light' and 'heat' showed high frequency in 'Electricity' domain and 'The human body' domain included 'force' and 'motion' in high frequency. The most inclusive domain was 'The earth'. Not only the words on earth science but also biological and chemical words were classified in this domain. So The integration that centered with 'The earth' domain looks correspond to the elementary school students' psychological aspect.