• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate added sugar intakes from processed food-snacks and participation behaviors of special event days sharing sweet foods among adolescents in Korea. Questionnaire survey (n = 959), dietary survey (n = 71) by food record method for 3 days, and snack survey (n = 230) for 3 days were carried out, and subjects were overlapped among three surveys. As a result, middle school students (MS) preferred milks and fermented milks while high school students (HS) preferred breads and fast foods as a snack (p < 0.01). MS and HS took snacks three to six times a week, and HS took snacks more frequently than MS (p < 0.05). Most subjects participated in special event days sharing sweet foods such as friend's birthday (68.4%), Peppro's day (61.5%) and Valentine's day (42.6%). As for merits of these events, MS said ‘they could get along with their friends' and ‘relieve stress', while HS said ‘they could enjoy their own events' and ‘confess their affection to whom they like' (p < 0.01). A group of cookies, biscuits, breads and, cakes was major source of added sugars followed by beverages, sweet jellies of red bean, chocolates and candies for subjects. For MS and HS, daily total added sugar intakes from whole processed food-snacks were $30.5{\pm}23.5g/d$ (3.0-137.9 g/d) and $31.7{\pm}23.2g/d$ (1.2-126.1 g/d), and ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks in proportion to daily total energy taken from diet (energy percent of added sugars from snacks) were $6.3{\pm}4.7%$ (0.6-26.1%) and $6.3{\pm}4.4%$ (0.3-23.9%), respectively. These results showed that subjects frequently participated in special event days sharing sweet foods. In addition, energy percent of added sugars from snacks was more than the UL suggested by WHO/FAO for some subjects. Therefore, it is highly critical to monitor adolescents' sugar intakes on a long-term basis and to take nutritional management on their high sugar intakes.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.10
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• pp.5-50
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• 2006

The terminology "human body" simply means a physical body but also more often, as an object in art works, carries symbolic concepts incorporating the whole history of human lives. Human body has been employed as an artistic object capturing physical body, delivering artist's idea expressing life indicators from different standpoints of times and places. This point of view about human body in art works has in fact rather short history since 1960's when modern thinking paradigm focusing upon rationality and reasoning has begun declining and on the contrary when the body used to be the servant of the mind and soul for a long time has begun attracting artist's attention as a real entity from the viewpoint of dichotomy. During the 1960's, frequent performances in Pop art and of Fluxus showed that the human body has been an important media for artistic communication after importance of body performances had been raised in Action painting in 1940's. The human body became a more determined media in body art works that had got into stride after Yves Kline's conceptual works applying body and its traces. These kinds of art works have continued and consolidated into the Feminism came into blossom in 1980's and into fragmentated and disembodied body art trend in 1990's. Through development of trends in body works, human body now might well be regarded as a clue provide from individual identity with implication over the world. This thesis is to analyse in semiotic way main works of Kiki Smith who is a representative artist devoting to Feminism and proposing extended significance of human body. In the analysis process of works done by two great artists with histrorical background of art trend in order to find and open an significance horizon of human body, semiotics and bodism are therefore perceived as pertinent and applied as basic tools. The first stage of analysis is to get the significances emerged in between expression part and contextual parts, which are separated structually from the most basic level. The study deals with body works furthermore in the way of structual cohesion of the expression and the context from the view of A J. Greimas' Structural Semantics and tried to build up a basic frame for the extended significances of human body. This thesis is, on the other hand, to attempt to contribute for extension of disembodied and fragmentated body discussed in the structural semantic frame earlier by Julia Kriesteva who delivers abjection concepts and phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty who enables to overview relationship between the body and the world from the viewpoint of Bodism, further into interpretation level. The other works are Kiki smith's that showed epics about death in mid-1980's, detailed humbleness of vulnerable human body exposed to dichotomy and fragmentation in 1990's and religion and mythology incorporating wouln healing in 2000's and henceforth. Through the analysis of Kiki Smith's representative work 'Pee body', it is verified and confirmed that fragmentated body showed beyond boundary gap of the human body and ultimately tends to imply human healing owing to divine maternity. Bodily symbols in Kiki Smith's are extended to the universal world to imply human life and death on the one hand and religion and mythology of human wound and divine healing one the other hand. This thesis through these process and results of analysis is in a broad context, to emphasize that human body as objectified text has a key indicator role to understand world as well as semiotic extension in art works in late 20th century so that we might confirm bodily symbol as a cultural context constitutes a section of contemporary visual arts.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.234-249
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• 2020

The dispute involving the construction of the Tomb of Queen Sindeok (hereinafter "Jeongreung"), King Taejo's wife in Seoul, and the moving of that tomb, represents the most clearly demonstrated case for the collision of new and old ideologies between political powers in the early period of Joseon. Jeongreung, the tomb of Queen Sindeok from the Kang Clan, was built inside the capital fortress, but in 1409, King Taejong forced the tomb to be moved outside the capital, and the stone relics remaining at the original location were used to build the stone bridge, Gwangtong-gyo. In an unofficial story, King Taejong moved the tomb outside the capital and used the stone items there to make the Cheonggyecheon Gwang-gyo so that the people would step upon the area in order to curse Lady Kang. In the final year of King Taejo, Lady Kang and King Taejong were in a politically conflictual relationship, but they were close to being political partners until King Taejo became the king. Sillok records pertaining to the establishment of Jeongreung or Gwangtong-gyo in fact state things more plainly, indicating that the moving of Jeongreung was a result of following the sangeon (a written statement to the king) of Uijeongbu (the highest administrative agency in Joseon), which stated that having the tomb of a king or queen in the capital was inappropriate, and since it was close to the official quarter of envoys, it had to be moved. The assertion that it was aimed at degrading Jeongreung in order to repair Gwangtong-gyo thus does not reflect the factual relationship. This article presents the possibility that the use of stone items from Jeongreung to repair Gwangtong-gyo reflected an emerging need for efficient material procurement that accompanied a drastic increase in demand for materials required in civil works both in- and outside the capital. The cause for constructing Jeongreung within the capital and the cause of moving the tomb outside the capital would therefore be attributable to the heterogeneity of the ideological backgrounds of King Taejo and King Taejong. King Taejo was the ruler of the Confucius state, as he reigned through the Yeokseong Revolution, but he constructed the tomb and Hongcheon-sa, the temple in the capital for his wife Queen Sindeok. In this respect, it is considered that, with the power of Buddhism, there was an attempt to rally supporters and gather the force needed to establish the authority of Queen Sindeok. Yi Seong-gye, who was raised in the Dorugachi clan of Yuan, lived as a military man in the border area, and so he would not have had a high level of understanding in Confucian scholarship. Rather, he was a man of the old system with its 'Buddhist" tendency. On the other hand, King Taejong Yi Bang-won was an elite Confucian student who passed the national examination at the end of the Goryeo era, and he is also known to have held a profound understanding of Neo-Confucianism. To state it differently, it would be reasonable to say that the understanding of symbolic implications for the capital would be more profound in a Confucian state. Since the national system that was ruled by laws had been established following the Three-Kingdom era, the principle of burial outside of the capital that would have seen a grave constructed on the outskirts of the capital was not upheld, without exception. Jeongreung was built inside the capital due to the strong individual desire of King Taejo, but since he was a Confucian scholar prior to becoming king, it would not have been accepted as desirable. After taking the throne, King Taejong took the initiative to begin overhauling the capital in order to reflect his intent to clearly realize Confucian ideology emphasizing 'Yechi' ("ruling with good manners") with the scenic view of the Capital's Hanyang river. It would be reasonable to conclude accordingly that the moving of Jeongreung was undertaken in the context of such a historic background.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2005

The data for the present study were collected from the both-sides fyke net fishery in coastal Dolsan, Korea, from March 2003 to February 2004 A total of 2,402 individuals (432,42 kg) were collected and identified to 11 orders, 34 families, and 48 species. The most dominant order was the Perciformes, comprising 21 species in 15 families, followed by Scorpaeniformes, 8 species in 5 families, and Pleuronectiformes, 5 species in 3 families, These three orders constituted 67.9% of the total collected fish. The most dominant species, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, accounted for 279 individuals (20.26 kg), followed by Mugil cephalus with 187 individuals (99.61 kg), and Konosirus punctatus with 178 individuals (8.89 kg). The diversity index of the fish catches was 1.6823~2.9105 and was the highest in September 2003 and the lowest in December 2003. The evenness index was 0.6585~0.8872 it was the highest in August 2003 and the lowest in December 2003. The dominance index was 0.2000~0.6852, with the highest in December and the lowest in August 2003.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.420-430
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• 2008

Statement of problem & Purpose: Articulators are very important for education and overall clinical situation in the field of prosthodontics, however preexisting articulators are designed and built based on maxillofacial structures and mean values of mandibular movement of Western people. Purpose of this research is to find out a adequate basis for applicating these articulators, presently used for clinical education, for Korean. Material and methods: 59 Korean adults (41 males, 18 females), aged between 24 to 41, where selected for this study. Two pairs of both maxillary and mandibular models were made for each examinee. These models where attached to both KaVo PROTARevo 7 and Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulators by using facebow transfer, than sagittal condylar inclination, occlusal plane inclination and position of mandibular on the articulator where measured. Result and conclusion: 1. Mean sagittal condylar inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was $33.75^{\circ}$(standard deviation $12.46^{\circ}$) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed $40.72^{\circ}$(standard deviation $12.09^{\circ}$) for mean sagittal condylar inclination. 2. Mean occlusal plane inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was $-2.76{\circ}$(standard deviation $3.63^{\circ}$) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed $11.87^{\circ}$ (standard deviation $3.63^{\circ}$) for mean occlusal plane inclination. 3. On the average center of the mandibular dentition were in the range of 5 to 7 mm of the central position of the articulator. Both anterior and posterior dentition were positioned at the center of the articulator vernacularly for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulators, meantime for Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator, anterior dentition was positioned 5 mm downwards and 3mm upwards for posterior dentition from vertically central position of the articulator.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2005

In order to increase the storage stability of watermelon stalk, storage environments such as temperature and other treatments such as vaseline, mixture of soybean oil and wheat flour, and coated paper label were tested separately after harvesting. At different storage temperatures (7, 18 and $30^{\circ}C$) shelf-life of stalk was inversely proportional to temperature. The results showed that during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ they were completely wilted in 7 days, at $18^{\circ}C$ in 15 days and at $7^{\circ}C$ in 19 days. Our data also showed that stability of watermelon stalk depending on temperature was very closely correlated with water content of watermelon stalk; during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ the water content of watermelon stalk was decreased to 21.1 % in 7 days, whereas at $7^{\circ}C$ the water content was decreased gradually to 71.2 % for 19 days of storage. In order to reduce the physiological changes in watermelon stalk at $30^{\circ}C$, following treatments such as vaseline, mixture of soybean oil and wheat flour, and coated paper label were tested. As a result, watermelon stalk without any treatment was completely wilted in 9 days, while stalks treated with vaseline and mixture of soybean oil with wheat flour were wilted in 15 and 12 days, respectively. The wilt delay was noted in the watermelon stalk for $3{\sim}6$ days during both treatments but the outward quality was found detracted, whereas when treated with coated paper label, the wilt of stalk was delayed for 3 days along with the improvement in the outward quality. Therefore this data indicate that the treatment of coated paper label during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ can be considered as a potent method for maintaining the physiology of watermelon stalk.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2008

In order to obtain the basic information for agricultural utilization of Germanium(Ge), the growth characteristics and the germanium uptake by water celery were investigated at different concentration of germanium in soil. This experiment was carried out in the Wagner pot(1 $5,000^{-1}a$). Germanium concentrations in soil for water celery cultivation were maintained at 0.26, 25.0, 62.5, and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The treatment of over Ge 25.0 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the soil led to germanium phytotoxicity such as reduction of plant height and fresh weight. The contents of germanium in water celery were increased with the increase of germanium concentration in the soil. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, its germanium contents in plant were 89.9 and 371.6 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Then, the efficiency of germanium uptake of water celery in Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ maintained plots was 1.7 and 2.4%, respectively. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0, 62.5 and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, its content of amino acid was found to be 89.8, 198.4, and 318.2 mg $g^{-1}$, respectively. To investigate the effect of N fertilizer application in uptake of germanium by water celery, these were treated with nontreatment, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of N application based on soil testing for cultivation of water celery. However, the amount of the N fertilizer application did not affect the contents of germanium in the water celery. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with two kinds of inorganic and organic germanium 50 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, the content of germanium were 24.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the Ge-132 treatment and 11.8 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the $GeO_2$ treatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.223-226
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• 2012

Liquid livestock manure (LLM) has been used as a nitrogen fertilizer source for horticulture plants. LLM contains organic nitrogen (N), ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The amount of nitrate and nitrite in LLM are usually small compared to the amount of ammonium in it and so they can be negligible if total nitrogen (N) concentration in LLM is higher than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$. However, if total N concentration in LLM is less than $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, the amount of nitrate and nitrite may affect total N concentration in LLM. Currently, Kjeldahl digestion method is mainly used for ammonium-N in LLM. Therefore, it is ineffective to analyze nitrate-N and nitrite-N. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the total N concentrations are affected by the amount of nitrate-N and nitrite-N with diverse LLMs by Kjeldahl method (with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion). Five liquid livestock manure samples were collected at swine farms in Ansung and Icheon. All LLM samples were stored at $25^{\circ}C$, subsampled at every $15^{th}$ day for 90 days, and analyzed for total N, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N. At the $90^{th}$ day, LLM samples were analyzed with and without Devarda's alloy after Conc. sulfuric acid digestion. Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride were used to determine the N recovery percentages. Total N concentration ranged from 560 to $4,230mg\;L^{-1}$. Nitrate-Ns were found in all LLM samples, ranged from 21 to $164mg\;L^{-1}$. N recovery percentages with potassium nitrate were 0 % without Devarda's alloy and 100% with Devarda's alloy because adding Devarda's alloy facilitated nitrate-N into ammonium-N conversion. Total Ns were significantly different between two methods, with and without Devarda's alloy. Total N concentrations were $210mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $370mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 without Devarda's alloy and $290mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 4 and $490mg\;L^{-1}$ at LLM 5 with Devarda's alloy. These results suggest that if total N of LLM is less $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$, additional procedure such as adding Devarda's alloy can be used to estimate the total N and inorganic N better.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2014

Probing the electronic structures of crystalline Mg-silicates at high pressure is essential for understanding the various macroscopic properties of mantle materials in Earth's interior. Quantum chemical calculations based on the density functional theory are used to explore the atomic configuration and electronic structures of Earth materials at high pressure. Here, we calculate the partial density of states (PDOS) and O K-edge energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) spectra for $MgSiO_3$ perovskite at 25 GPa and 120 GPa using the WIEN2k program based on the full-potential linearized projected augmented wave (FP-LPAW) method. The calculated PDOS and O K-edge ELNES spectra for $MgSiO_3$ Pv show significant pressure-induced changes in their characteristic spectral features and relative peak intensity. These changes in spectral features of $MgSiO_3$ Pv indicate that the pressure-induced changes in local atomic configuration around O atoms such as Si-O, O-O, and Mg-O length can induce the significant changes on the local electronic structures around O atoms. The result also indicates that the significant changes in O K-edge features can results from the topological densification at constant Si coordination number. This study can provide a unique opportunity to understand the atomistic origins of pressure-induced changes in local electronic structures of crystalline and amorphous $MgSiO_3$ at high pressure more systematically.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2013

The rice bran, a by-product of rice milling process, is well known for various functional components, such as tocopherol, tocotrienol, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, carrying antioxidant activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant components and antioxidant activities in rice bran of different Korean rice cultivars. The 8 isomers of vitamin E, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, flavonoids, and polyphenolics in rice bran from 16 Korean premium and high quality rice cultivars were quantified. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power of the ethanol extracts of rice bran were measured. 'Hopum' showed the highest total vitamin E content, $221.47{\mu}g/g$ among the cultivars, and 'Hanseol' showed the lowest content. The rice bran showed different compositions of ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-$ tocopherol and tocotrienol among rice cultivars. The antioxidant contents were also different by cultivar; the ${\gamma}$-oryzanol contents ranged from 1.99 mg/g (Unkwang) to 4.30 mg/g (Chilbo), the polyphenol contents ranged from 427.22 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Odaebyeo) to 775.80 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Hopum). 'Hopum' also had the highest DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, 9.82% and 187.5 AEAC mg/100 g, respectively. In vitro, the rice bran extracts from 'Hopum' had significantly higher antioxidant activities than that of other cultivars.