• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.5-11
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• 2023

The engineering industry heavily relies on fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum to generate energy through combustion. However, this process emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. To mitigate this issue, researchers have explored various methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, one of which is carbon dioxide underground storage technology. This innovative technology involves capturing carbon dioxide from industrial plants and injecting it into the saturated ground layer beneath the earth's surface, storing it securely underground. Despite its potential benefits, carbon dioxide underground storage efficiency needs improvement to optimize storage in a limited space. To address this challenge, our research team has focused on improving storage efficiency by utilizing surfactants. Furthermore, we evaluated how different carbon dioxide states, including gaseous, liquid, and supercritical, impact storage efficiency based on their respective pressures and temperatures within the underground reservoir. Our findings indicate that using surfactants and optimizing the injection rate can effectively enhance storage efficiency across all carbon dioxide states. This research will pave the way for more efficient carbon dioxide underground storage, contributing to mitigating the environmental impact of fossil fuels on the planet.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2009

The solid carbon dioxide used for prolongation shelf life of radish sprout that was just 7days. The developed equipment for treated carbon dioxide consisted of solid carbon dioxide evaporated part and high carbon dioxide and low temperature treated part that can hold products. The inner temperature of equipment decreased temperature to below $5^{\circ}C$ from room temperature for 10minutes and carbon dioxide concentration increased to 80%. The radish sprouts treated 4 different conditions that was nontreated condition (control), solid carbon dioxide put into package (CO2-1), solid carbon dioxide treated before storage using the developed equipment (CO2-2), solid carbon dioxide treated before storage and during storage, and sprout packaged with solid carbon dioxide (CO2-3). These radish sprout packaged with $25{\mu}m$ ceramic film stored at $8^{\circ}C$. The high carbon dioxide treatment did not affect the fresh weight loss. The carbon dioxide and oxygen content in package changed 40% and 10%, respectively in CO2-1 and CO2-2 at 1day after treatments. But carbon dioxide content of all treatments was decreased to 5% and stabilized. The high carbon dioxide showed the effect of reduction ethylene production, but did not affect to visual quality and offodor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2011

In the present study, a 3-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed to mimic the micro porous structure of a geological $CO_2$ storage reservoir. Especially, 3D modeling technique assigning random pore size to a 3D micro porous structure was devised. Numerical method using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) was applied for the 3D micro porous structure to calculate supercritical $CO_2$ flow field. The three different configurations of 3D micro porous model were designed and their flow fields were calculated. For the physical conditions of $CO_2$ flow, temperature and pressure were set up equivalent to geological underground condition where $CO_2$ fluid was stored. From the results, the characteristics of the supercritical $CO_2$ flow fields were scrutinized and the influence of the micro pore configuration on the flow field was investigated. In particular, the pressure difference and consequent $CO_2$ permeability were calculated and compared with increasing $CO_2$ flow rate.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

Underground carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage emerges as a pivotal strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ emissions and addressing global warming concerns. This study investigates techniques to optimize storage efficiency in aquifers, which stand out for their superior capacity compared to other geological layers. The focus is on the application of nonionic and anionic surfactants to enhance CO₂ storage efficiency within confined spaces. A specialized micromodel facilitating fluid flow observation was employed for the evaluation. Experimental results revealed a noteworthy minimum 40% increase in storage efficiency at the lowest injection rate when utilizing nonionic and anionic surfactants, in comparison to pure water injection. Interestingly, no significant variations in storage efficiency were observed based on the ionicity and concentration of the surfactants under investigation. These findings have implications for guiding the selection and concentration determination of surfactants in future underground CO₂ storage endeavors.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.5-11
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• 2024

Promising geological structures for carbon dioxide capture and subsurface storage include aquifers, depleted reservoirs, and gas fields. Among these, aquifers are gaining attention due to their potential for storing significant amounts of carbon dioxide compared to other geological structures. Therefore, there is a growing interest in enhancing carbon dioxide storage efficiency by understanding the characteristics of aquifers and developing technologies tailored to their properties. In this study, the storage efficiency of carbon dioxide injection following surfactant pre-injection into porous micro-models was evaluated. The results indicate that as the concentration of the surfactant solution injected prior to carbon dioxide injection increases, storage efficiency improves. Conversely, lower concentrations require more surfactant injection to enhance storage efficiency. Furthermore, under identical surfactant concentration conditions, the storage efficiency from surfactant pre-injection prior to supercritical carbon dioxide injection is approximately 30% lower compared to surfactant-co-solvent substitution as observed in previous studies. However, under the maximum concentration conditions investigated in this study, similar storage efficiencies to those of previous studies were achieved. These findings are expected to guide concentration determinations for surfactant application aimed at enhancing carbon dioxide storage efficiency in aquifers in future studies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.373-382
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• 2016

Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage/Sequestration (CCS) technology has attracted attention as an ideal method for most carbon dioxide reduction needs. When the collected carbon dioxide is transported to storage via pipelines, the direct transport is made if the storage is close, otherwise it can also be transported via an intermediate storage hub. Determining the number and the location of the intermediate storage hubs is an important problem. A decision-making algorithm using a mathematical model for solving the problem requires considerably more variables and constraints to describe the multi-objective decision, but the computational complexity of the problem increases and it also does not guarantee the optimality. This research proposes an algorithm to determine the location and the number of the intermediate storage hub and develop a simulator for the connection network of the carbon dioxide emission site. The simulator also provides the course of transportation of the carbon dioxide. As a case study, this model is applied to Korea.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.55-61
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• 2022

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and much research is underperforming in reducing carbon dioxide. Geological carbon dioxide storage is considered the primary technique for global warming prevention. So, technic development for storing carbon dioxide is required. Using surfactant is considered an effective material for geological carbon dioxide storage. However, research on using surfactants for carbon dioxide sequestration is not enough. In this study, a 2D micromodel experiment depends on the surfactant type (sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), concentration and carbon dioxide injection rate. As result, geological carbon dioxide sequestration efficiency is increased according to surfactant concentration and carbon dioxide injection rate increase. However, efficiency no more increases after critical concentration and rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.307-319
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• 2009

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology has been regarded as one of the most possible and practical option to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and consequently to mitigate the climate change. Korean government also have started a 10-year R&D project on $CO_2$ storage in sea-bed geological structure including gas field and deep saline aquifer since 2005. Various relevant researches are carried out to cover the initial survey of suitable geological structure storage site, monitoring of the stored $CO_2$ behavior, basic design of $CO_2$ transport and storage process and the risk assessment and management related to $CO_2$ leakage from engineered and geological processes. Leakage of $CO_2$ to the marine environment can change the chemistry of seawater including the pH and carbonate composition and also influence adversely on the diverse living organisms in ecosystems. Recently, IMO (International Maritime Organization) have developed the risk assessment and management framework for the $CO_2$ sequestration in sub-seabed geological structures (CS-SSGS) and considered the sequestration as a waste management option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This framework for CS-SSGS aims to provide generic guidance to the Contracting Parties to the London Convention and Protocol, in order to characterize the risks to the marine environment from CS-SSGS on a site-specific basis and also to collect the necessary information to develop a management strategy to address uncertainties and any residual risks. The environmental risk assessment (ERA) plan for $CO_2$ storage work should include site selection and characterization, exposure assessment with probable leak scenario, risk assessment from direct and in-direct impact to the living organisms and risk management strategy. Domestic trial of the $CO_2$ capture and sequestration in to the marine geologic formation also should be accomplished through risk management with specified ERA approaches based on the IMO framework. The risk assessment procedure for $CO_2$ marine storage should contain the following components; 1) prediction of leakage probabilities with the reliable leakage scenarios from both engineered and geological part, 2) understanding on physio-chemical fate of $CO_2$ in marine environment especially for the candidate sites, 3) exposure assessment methods for various receptors in marine environments, 4) database production on the toxic effect of $CO_2$ to the ecologically and economically important species, and finally 5) development of surveillance procedures on the environmental changes with adequate monitoring techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2010

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology mitigates the emission amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and can reduce green house effect which causes the climate change. Deep saline aquifer or obsolete oil/gas storage etc. in the marine geological structure are considered as the candidates for the storage. The injection and storage relating technology have been interested in the global society, however the adverse effect caused by leakage from the system failure. Even the safety level of the CCS is very high and there is almost no possibility to leak but, still the risk to marine ecosystem of the high concentrated carbon dioxide exposure is not verified. The present study introduces the system and environmental risk assessment methods. The feature, event and process approach can be a good starting point and we found the some possibility from the fault tree analysis for evaluation. From the FEP analysis, we drove the possible scenario which we need to concentrate on the construction and operation stages.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.478-485
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• 2017

The effect of high carbon dioxide and ethylene treatment on postharvest ripening regulation of red kiwifruit (Actinidia melanandra) was investigated during cold storage. Physio-chemical properties such as weight loss, firmness, SSC, acidity, and market quality were analysed in red kiwifruit held at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to the fruit treated with carbon dioxide and ethylene during 75 days of storage. No significant weight loss was detected in red kiwifruit treated with carbon dioxide until 75 days of storage while the most rapid loss was found in fruit treated with ethylene. In ethylene-treated fruit, the firmness was dramatically reduced from 4.2kg on the first day to 1.2 kg after 27 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. However, the firmness of the carbon dioxide-treated fruit was 1.8kg after 54 days of storage. The highest level of SSC(%) was investigated within the 27 storage days at $10^{\circ}C$ for fresh red kiwifruit treated with exogenous ethylene, whereas the carbon dioxide-treated fruit exhibited a greatly increased SSC after 64 days. The carbon dioxide-treated red kiwifruit maintained statistically(p<.01) higher levels of acidity compared to the control and the exogenous ethylene-treated ones during 41 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. The SSC/Acid ratio of fruit treated with carbon dioxide was significantly lower (p<.01) maintained than the other two treatments (ethylene-treated and control fruit)throughout the 75-day experiment. Based on the quality characteristics of postharvest red kiwifruit, it could be concluded that the carbon dioxide treatment significantly delayed the ripening process and maintained the market quality of harvested red kiwifruit, which can be a potential application for commercial use in the kiwi industry.