• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.425-455
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• 2012

Multi-dimensional verbal short-term memory mechanisms are largely divided into the phonological channel and the lexical-semantic channel. The former is called phonological short-term memory and the latter is called semantic short-term memory. Phonological short-term memory is further segmented into the phonological input buffer and the phonological output buffer. In this study, the language performance of each of three patients with similar levels of conduction aphasia was analyzed in terms of multi-dimensional verbal short-term memory. To this end, three patients with conduction aphasia were instructed to perform four different aspects of language tasks that are spontaneous speaking, repetition, spontaneous writing, and dictation in both word and sentence level. Moreover, the patients' phonological memories and semantic short-term memories were evaluated using digit span tests and verbal learning tests. As a result, the three subjects exhibited various types of performances and error responses in the four aspects of language tests, and the short-term memory tests also did not produce identical results. The language performance of three patients with conduction aphasia can be explained according to whether the defects occurred in the semantic short-term memory, phonological input buffer and/or phonological output buffer. In this study, the relations between language and multi-dimensional verbal short-term memory were discussed based on the results of language tests and short-term memory tests in patients with conduction aphasia.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2000

The distinction between short-term store (STS) and long-term store (LTS) has been made in the perspective of information processing. Memory system theorists have argued that memory could be conceived as multiple memory systems beyond the concept of a single LTS. Popular memory system models are Schacter & Tulving (994)'s multiple memory systems and Squire (987)'s the taxonomy of long-term memory. Those m models agree that amnesic patients have intact STS but impaired LTS and have preserved implicit memory. However. there is a debate about the nature of the long-term memory impairment. One model considers amnesic deficit as a selective episodic memory impairment. whereas the other sees the deficits as both episodic and semantic memory impairment. At present, it remains unclear that episodic memory should be distinguished from semantic memory in terms of retrieval operation. The distinction between declarative memory and nondeclarative memory would be the alternative way to reflect explicit memory and implicit memory. The research focused on the function of frontal lobe might give clues to the debate about the nature of LTS.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-36
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• 1996

Recebt neuropsychological studies on neurobiological bases of learning and memory in humans are reviewed. At present, cognitive psychologists belive that memory is not a unitary system. But copmosed of several independent subsystems. Adoption this perspective,this paper summarized findings regarding what kinds of memory discorders result from lesions of which brain areas and which brain areas are activated by what kind of learning/memory tasks. Short-term memory seems to involve widespread areas around the boundaries among the parietal,occipital,and temporal lobes,depending on the type of the type of the tasks and the way of presentation of the stimuli. Implicit memory,a subsystem of long-term memory,is not a unitary system itself. Thus,brain areas involved in implicit memory tasks used. It is well-known that medial temporal lobe is necessary for formation(i,e.,consolidation)of explicit memory,another subsystem of long-term memory. Storage and/or retrieval of episodic and semantic memory involve temporal neocortex. Perfromtal cortex seemas to be involved in several aspects of memory such as short term memory and retrieval of espisodic and semantic memory. Finally, a popular view on the locus of long-term memory storage is described.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.205-223
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• 1999

이 학습은 단기간과 장기간으로 나누어 연구한 화제적인 회상을 중심으로 이야기 구술과 가장놀이의 그 효과들을 탐구하고 논증(Demonstration)하였다. 특별히 이 학습은 어린이들이 가장놀이의 연기와 구술을 하는 동안에 인지변화들을 동일시하고 시험하였다. 교육자들과 연구자들은 제안하기를 놀이와 이야기를 말하는 것은 한 사건의 인지적인 모형으로 유치원 어린이들이 기초적인 기교(Skill)를 배우는 것으로서 상징의 흐름(Stream of Symbolization)안에서 동시에 나타난다고 시사하고 있다. 가장놀이(Pretend Play)는 인지 발달과 사회성 발달 안에서 중요한 영역으로 오랫동안 고려되어져 오기도 했었다. 그런 의미에서 이 학습은 이야기 구술과 가장놀이, 단기간과 장기간의 기억력, encoding and inference 그리고 그것들의 상호관계들에 대한 발달적인 차이들에 초점을 두었다. 그 data에 의하면 화제적인 회상을 효율화하고 있는 가운데서 이야기 말하기와 가장놀이 사이에 유효한 차이가 있었음을 보여주었다. 그 data는 또한 encode에 대한 질문이 inferences의 능력을 초과했다는 것을 지적하기도 했다. 다시 말해서 그 어린이들은 inferences를 만드는 능력이 향상하지 않았음에도 이야기 구술과 가장놀이에 참여할 수 있었다. 이것은 즉 Inferences는 좀더 복잡한 인지 기교들을 요구하고 있었을 뿐, 이야기 구술과 가장놀이의 향상에는 관계하지 않았다는 것을 말해주고 있다. 또한 단기간과 장기간의 조건사이에는 유효한 차이가 있지 않았다.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.217-240
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the semantic network analysis to understand image contents and to examine the degree to which words, word clusters contributed to the formation of semantic map within image contents. For this research, from 1993 until 2016 the field of the image contents were collected for a total of 2,624 cases papers. The word appeared in Title analyzed the social network by using the R program of Big Data. The results were as follows: First, The field of image contents is based on researches related to 'image', 'media' and 'contents'. Second, there is a three-step flow ('education' -> 'media' -> 'contents') of research in the field of image contents. Third, researches related to 'broadcasting', 'digital', 'technology', and 'production' were continuously carried out. Finally, There were new research subjects for each regime.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.363-369
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• 2013

In this paper, the modeling of phenomena that occurs in the brain related language was designed and developed the second language proficiency method. This method based on cognitive ability test in cognitive psychology that is the lexical decision task, the priming task and the verbal span task. The lexical decision task involves measuring how quickly decide stimuli as words or nonwords. This task is divided reading and listening according to stimulus type to the details. The priming task finds the output of the language. This task is divided the translation-priming and the semantic-priming according to stimulus type. The verbal span task finds the short term memory. In this paper, we propose the second language proficiency measurement method using the linguistics cognitive ability of the learner about the second language.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2005

Impaired processing of facial information is one of the broad ranges of cognitive deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the differences in brain activities involved in the process of facial working memory between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects. Ten patients with schizophrenia were recruited along with matched healthy volunteers as a comparison group. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the performance of a 1-back working memory paradigm using images of neutral faces as mnemonic content. The patient group performed the tasks with reduced accuracy. Group analysis revealed that left fusiform gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyri/insula, left middle temporal gyrus, precuneus and vermis of cerebellum and showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased level of activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal lobule was observed from the patient group, all in the right hemisphere. A decreased level of activity in the left fusiform gyrus among the patient group implicates inefficient processing of facial information. An increased level of activation in prefrontal and parietal neural networks from the patient group confirms earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Being engaged in the musical tasks needs cognitive skills to perceive musical sound, organize them into meaningful unit, store them in the memory and retrieve them when needed. These skills are also required for academic tasks indicating that there is positive correlation between skills for musical and academic tasks. Based on these findings, the study purported to examine whether the developed sessions can enhance cognitive skills which is composed of auditory information skills, which is composed of perceiving sounds, organizing them into groups based on the existing information or organization pattern, and short-term memory skills. Eighteen elementary students in 4, 5, and 6th grades have participated in the study. The study has administered Music Cognitive Skills Test(MCST) before and after implementing music therapy sessions. The MCST consisted of five parts, first one measuring the rhythm imitating skills, second, measuring the melodic imitation skills, third, measuring discriminative skills in identifying higher pitch, fourth, measuring discriminative skills in identifying identical chords, and lastly, measuring the tone retention skills. The results indicated that there was statistical difference between the pre and post test in rhythm and melody imitation skills. Because reproduction of perceived rhythm patterns requires memory skills, imitating patterns are considered cognitive skills. Also melody is defined adding spatial dimension to the rhythm which is temporal concept. Being able to understand melodic pattern and to reproduce the pattern also requires cognitive skills. The subjects have shown significant improvement in these two areas. In other areas, there were definite increase of scores, however, no significant differences. The study also explores interpretation of these results and also observed consistencies among the participants in completing the musical tasks.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

The present study was performed to find the effects of ginseng and its saponins. which is written in Chung Yao Ta Tsu Tien as anti-amnesia in its chief indication. on experimental amnesia in mice. In the step through test. ginsenoside $Rb_1\;(GRb_1)\;and\;GRg_1$ facilitated the registration of memory and antagonized the electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory. In the step down test. $GRb_1\;GRb_2\;and\;GRg_1$ antagonized the ECS-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory and facilitated the acquisition of short term memory. In the shuttle hox and lever press tests. they have no effects on acquisition and retrieval of memory. except $GRb_1\;GRb_1$ depressed the retrieval of conditioned avoidance response in the shuttle box test. After the end of four tests. the effects of these orally administered drugs on sedative. analgesic. antipyretic and anticonvulsant actions. and on spontaneous and exploratory movements were tested in doses of less than 500mg/kg. but they had none of these effects. Present study may indicate that $GRg_1$ had effects on the retrieval of memory and on the acquisition process of learning response. The recent research on the role of NGF for the survival. regeneration and regulation of brain in adult animals. indicated the importance of NGF on dementia and amnesia. During our research on the specificity of the neurite out growth induced by NGF. we found that the effect of NGF was potentiated by $GRb_1$ in organ cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Then. the effect of $GRb_1$ on neuronal cell survivalin cell culture system was studied. $GRb_1$ potentiated the NGF-mediated increase of neurofilaments in cell cultures of chick embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. NGF with $GRb_1$ also showed a tendency to increase the number of surviving neurons of rat embryonic cerebral cortex. NGF increased choline acetyl transferase activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. but $GRb_1$ did not potentiate NGF activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. Present study may indicate that $GRb_1$ plays an important role for the survival or regeneration of neurons in the brain.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.27-38
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• 2007

본 연구는 갈수록 설 자리를 잃어 가는 지역 상권에 있어서 최근 10년 여 기간 동안 원주시에서 지속적으로 정치${\cdot}$경제적, 사회적 이슈로 제기되어 왔던 문제는 지하상가 상권의 침체와 활성화 문제라 할 수 있다. 원주 지하상가는 정부의 요구에 의하여 민방공 대피시설로 생겼으며, 각종 연구보고서나 학술세미나의 정책주제로 지하상가 도심 활성화 문제가 거론되고 있다. 특히 매번 지방선거에서는 지하상가 상권 활성화를 선거공약으로 제시하지 않은 후보가 없었을 정도였다는 것을 우리는 기억하고 있다. 그만큼 지하상가의 문제가 심각하다는 의미이며, 지하상가의 활성화를 통한 도시개발은 원주시민 공동의 과제라는 점을 이해 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 지역사회의 요청에 따라 그동안 수많은 개선안들이 원주시 차원에서 추진되었다. 지하상가 주변에 특화거리를 지정${\cdot}$조성하는 '특화거리 조성사업'에서부터, 주차문제 해결을 위한 '공영주차장 건설사업', '재래시장 현대화사업', '주거환경개선사업', '하상도로 건설사업', '지하상가 리모델링사업' 등 단기 및 중장기 사업계획이 추진되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 크게 개선되지 못하고 있는 실정이며, 앞으로 계속 우리가 깊은 관심을 갖고 해결해 나가야 할 과제로 남아 있다. 그러나 최근 원일프라자 준공을 전후하여 지하상가는 조금씩 변화의 조짐을 보이고 있으며, 일부에서는 도심이 활성화될 것이라는 성급한 판단을 내리기도 한다. 원주시는 미약하나마 인구가 증가하는 추세이며, 전반적으로 도심이 침체의 늪에서 벗어나고 있는 인상을 주고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 이러한 변화가 과연 도심이 활성화되고 있는 징후로 볼 것인가? 특히 이러한 변화의 조짐이 원일프라자의 준공과 직접적인 관련성을 갖고 있는가? 몇가지 변화의 사례를 가지고 간단하게 판단할 수는 없다. 그러나 원일프라자의 준공은 도심지역의 개발${\cdot}$정비를 예정하고 있으며, 장기적으로는 도심 활성화의 중요한 동인이 될 수 있음을 부인할 수 없다. 따라서 본 발제에서는 이와 같은 상황적 변화를 전제로 하여 지하상가 리모델링을 통한 도심활성화와 선진사례를 받아들임으로 지역상권 활성화 방향으로 전환하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.