• MALSORI
• /
• no.31_32
• /
• pp.141-162
• /
• 1996

Hopkins의 도약률(Sprung Rhythm)은 영어의 운율자질인 강세에 의한 엄격한 정형률을 고수하고 있다. 즉 약강 5보격이나 약강 6보격의 정형률을 지킨다고 Hopkins는 주장한다. 일반 독자나 운율비평가는 이를 인정한다. 문제는 시인의 음량(quantity) 기준에 의하여 강, 약 자리를 어떻게 충족시키고 있느냐 하는 점이다. 모든 비평가는 Hopkins의 음량 기준의 지나친 편의성과 임의성, 및 응통성?에 대하여 그의 음량 이론을 수용하려하지 않는다. 그러나 Kiparsky는 Hopkins의 설명에 따라 시인의 도약률을 분석하면 시인의 음량 이론이 이유 있음을 설명해 보인다. Kiparsky의 분석에서 문제점은 없는가? 만약 있다면 그것은 바로 Hopkins의 음량이론의 문제점이 될 것이다. 이 연구에서는 Hopkins의 편지 속의 설명은 실제로 독자의 낭송 속에서 어떻게 실현될 것인가 즉 '귀로 듣고 감상(ear and taste)'할 때 나타날 리듬형, 즉 낭송의 틀에 의한 분석을 시도하였다. 그것은 도약률이야 말로 읽히기 위한 것이며 '보는 시'가 아니라는 전제에서이다. 여기에서는 낭송에서 나타날 도약률의 음량과 장단, 즉 지속시간을 하나의 '낭송보(Textsetting for Sprung Rhythm)'에서 투사해 보고자 했다. 그 낭송보는 Hayes & Kan(1994)의 '어린이의 민속노래 보(Textsetting for Children's Folk Songs)'를 원용하였다. 약강 4,5,6보격, 강약 4,5,6보격의 일정한 강세 모습과 일정한 지속시간을 보여주는 도약률의 '낭송보'는 다음과 같다('약'자리와 '강'자리의 간격은 일정하게 보고 '강'의 돋들림은 격자로 더 높게 표시하였다). 이와 같은 낭송보는 독자, 즉 낭송자의 낭송 가능 범위를 그려 준다. 즉 약자리의 두개나 그 이상의 음절을 한꺼번에 낭송할 수 있음을 보여 준다. 그 음은 자연히 연음(slurring)이 되기 마련이다. 그러므로 이 연구는 다음과 같은 사실을 규명해 준다. 첫째, 어떤 시행도 규칙적인 박으로 낭송된다. 둘째, 음량은 박자에 의하여 좌우된다. 즉 강과 약자리의 일정한 지속시간의 범위 내에서는 몇 개의 음절도 낭송이 가능하다. 그것은 일정한 간격의 자리를 나타내는 격자로 결정된다. 따라서 모라(morae)의 개념보다도 박자의 개념으로 도약률은 낭송된다. 셋째, 모든 약자리와 강자리는 일정한 간격과 실제의 박(묵박도 포함)에 의하여 규칙적이다. 넷째, 외율음보는 격자의 길이내에서 낭송된다. 그러나 이 연구의 기본은 시인과 독자의 율형(Metrical Pattern)에 대한 의식과 의도(intention)가 전제된다. 이것은 이 연구의 문제임과 동시에 장점이다. 시율의 분석은 보는 율형이 아니라 읽고 낭송하는 율형으로 분석되어야 함을 보여 준 것이 이 연구의 기여이다.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2018

This study focuses on investigating and comparing the lengths of the five words, vowels, and the ratio of the length of vowels to that of words among the Korean college students with the English native speaker. English sentences were read and recorded by Korean subjects to do this experiment. The vowel lengths were measured from a sound spectrogram, the Praat software program, and these data were analyzed through statistical analysis. I could easily tell that there were differences between the groups and they were significant. In the English front low vowel /${\ae}$/, I was able to find out that native subjects pronounced differently from Korean subjects, and the differences were significant. However, the pronunciation of the English diphthong /ai/, native subjects pronounced significantly shorter than Korean subjects.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
• /
• v.14 no.7
• /
• pp.343-362
• /
• 2020

English is a stress-timed language that has a phonetic system in which the speech is restructured by stress changes. On the other hand, Korean is a syllable-timed language in which each syllable is pronounced at almost the same length and intensity, and Korean and English have distinctly different metrical systems in general speech. However, as the language of the lyrics in K-Pop music is mixed in both languages, Korean and English, the Korean lyrics in K-Pop music have a metrical system by stress changes as in English. The writer's view is that the change in the metrical structure of Korean lyrics is inevitable in order to sustain the new Korean Wave. Therefore, in this study, dance music - a major genre of K-Pop music that focuses on rhythm expression - is classified into 1998, 2003, and 2009 according to the changes in the Korean Wave, and the metrical structure of each period is compared and analyzed. Based on this, the current K-Pop metrical structure features are derived and the K-Pop Korean writing method is proposed that deviates from the existing limited writing method which allocates one syllable per note. The author hopes this research will be used as a methodology for writing lyrics in Korean songs in K-Pop, as well as a way to encourage the use of Korean lyrics.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.51-66
• /
• 2022

This study aims to help Korean English learners to learn English pronunciation by revealing which suprasegmentals affect the implementation of English sentences closer to native English speakers when they read English sentences. To this end, Korean middle school English learners were selected as subjects and research data were gathered through sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative), as well as syllables. Speech rate, pause frequency, pause duration, F0 range, and rhythm among suprasegmentals were used for analysis of these English sentence utterances. Mean analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed. The results showed that speech rate, pause frequency, pause duration, and F0 range affected the evaluation of fluency levels. In the regression analysis between all suprasegmentals and fluency levels, the suprasegmentals that most affected fluency levels were speech rate and F0 range. Rhythm had no meaningful relation with fluency levels. Therefore, when teaching English pronunciation, it is necessary to teach students to increase their speech rate and F0 range. In addition, students should be trained to reduce both the number and the duration of pauses during utterance to improve their fluency. It is noteworthy that of the four sentence types, exclamative sentences were produced with faster speech rate, fewer pauses, shorter pause duration, and higher rhythm values.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this research was to find out the relation between Korean learners' English proficiency and the ratio of the length of the stressed vowel in a monosyllabic noun to that of the unstressed vowel in an article of the noun phrases (e.g., "a cup", "the bus", etcs.). Generally, the vowels in monosyllabic content words are phonetically more prominent than the ones in monosyllabic function words as the former have phrasal stress, making the vowels in content words longer in length, higher in pitch, and louder in amplitude. This study, based on the speech samples from Korean-Spoken English Corpus (K-SEC) and Rated Korean-Spoken English Corpus (Rated K-SEC), examined 879 English noun phrases, which are composed of an article and a monosyllabic noun, from sentences which are rated on 4 levels of proficiency. The lengths of the vowels in these 879 target NPs were measured and the ratio of the vowel lengths in nouns to those in articles was calculated. It turned out that the higher the proficiency level, the greater the mean ratio of the vowels in nouns to the vowels in articles, confirming the research's hypothesis. This research thus concluded that for the Korean English learners, the higher the English proficiency level, the better they could produce the stressed and unstressed vowels with more conspicuous length differences between them.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2011

Recent studies on English $L^*$ (low pitch accent) have revealed the difference of changes in acoustic manifestation between utterances produced by Koreans and those produced by native speakers of English. However, not much effort has been made to compare $L^*$ focused constituents and non-focused constituents. At the same time, most previous works on focus realization are lacking in terms of normalization of acoustic measurement. Therefore, this research is dedicated to comparing the $L^*$ focused items and non-focused items realized by Koreans and Americans and to examining the realization of English $L^*$ produced by the two language groups with improved normalization of the acoustic features (F0, intensity and duration). Within-group analysis comparing focused words and non-focused words showed both Americans and Koreans prolonged the $L^*$ focused syllables but the effect size of syllable lengthening made by Koreans was far less than that made by Americans. Furthermore, significant F0 lowering was found in Americans but not in Koreans. However, the effect of intensity change caused by $L^*$ focus was not significant within each group. The effect of focused words was tested between the two groups revealing that Koreans implemented English $L^*$ focus with higher F0, lower intensity and shorter duration than Americans. In the instances in which a significant Group x Focus Location (initial, middle and final of a sentence) interaction was found, further analysis testing the effect of Group on each Focus Location was conducted. The testing showed that the Koreans produced shorter syllables at initial and middle of a sentence and higher F0 at initial of a sentence than Americans. Implications for the intonation training were also discussed.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.6 no.6
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2005

We can extract spectrum of the voices and analyze those, after employing features of frequency that voices have. In the spectrum of the voices monophthongs are thought to be stable, but when a consonant(s) meet a vowel(s) in a syllable or a word, there is a lot of changes. This becomes the biggest obstacle to phoneme speech recognition. In this study, using Mel Cepstrum and Mel Band that count Frequency Band and auditory information, we analyze the spectrums that each and every consonant and vowel has and the changes in the voices reftects auditory features and make it a system. Finally we are going to present the basis that can segment the voices by an unit of phoneme.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.35 no.12
• /
• pp.774-779
• /
• 2008

In this work, we describe comments classification system using topic signature. Topic signature is widely used for selecting feature in document classification and summarization. Comments are short and have so many word spacing errors, special characters. We firstly convert comments into 7-gram. We consider the 7-gram as sentence. We convert the 7-gram into 3-gram. We consider the 3-gram as word. We select key feature using topic signature and classify new inputs by the Naive Bayesian method. From the result of experiments, we can see that the proposed method is outstanding over the previous methods.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.16B no.2
• /
• pp.141-150
• /
• 2009

This paper proposes a system that can automatically write singing voices to music notes. First, the system uses Stabilized Diffusion Equation(SIDE) to divide the song to a series of syllabic parts based on pitch detection. By the song segmentation, our method can recognize the sound length of each fragment through clustering based on genetic algorithm. Moreover, this study introduces a concept called 'Relative Interval' so as to recognize interval based on pitch of singer. And it also adopted measure extraction algorithm using pause data to implement the higher precision of song transcription. By the experiments using 16 nursery songs, it is shown that the measure recognition rate is 91.5% and DMOS score reaches 3.82. These findings demonstrate effectiveness of system performance.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2020

The prosody of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has several abnormal features, including monotonous speech. The purpose of this study was to compare acoustic features between an ASD group and a typically developing (TD) group and within the ASD group. The study also examined audience perceptions of the lengthening effect of increasing the number of syllables. 50 participants were divided into two groups (20 with ASD and 30 TD), and they were asked to imitate a total of 28 sentences. In the auditory-perceptual evaluation, seven participants chose sentence types in 115 sentences. Pitch, intensity, speech rate, and pitch slope were used to analyze the significant differences. In conclusion, the ASD group showed higher pitch and intensity and a lower overall speaking rate than the TD group. Moreover, there were significant differences in s2 slope of interrogative sentences. Finally, based on the auditory-perceptual evaluation, only 4.3% of interrogative sentences produced by participants with ASD were perceived as declarative sentences. The cause of this abnormal prosody has not been clearly identified; however, pragmatic ability and other characteristics of autism are related to ASD prosody. This study identified prosodic ASD patterns and suggested the need to develop treatments to improve prosody.