• Archives of Hand and Microsurgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2018

Purpose: Preoperative surgical planning utilizing computed tomography angiography (CTA) has now become a routine in many practices. We analyzed the course of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) and its perforators (DIEP) that would either facilitate or hinder flap dissection based on CTA to aid surgical planning. Methods: The 115 consecutive patients who underwent abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction were enrolled in this prospective study. DIEA/P courses were categorized mainly according to their intramuscular courses and their incidences were investigated. Results: A total of 425 perforators were identified preoperatively on the CTA, with an average number of 3.7 distinctly visualized in the entire flap territory. Eighty-nine perforators (20.9%) had a favorable (less than 1 cm intramuscular course) pattern, namely long submuscular (34.8% of the patients), long subfascial (15.6%), and total circummuscular (13.9%). Overall 56.5% of the patients had at least one favorable DIEA/P. On the other hand, absence of DIEA and absence of adequate (>1 mm) DIEP was reported in 3 and 8 hemiabdomen. Conclusion: Preoperative CTA evaluation of DIEA/P can be used to identify favorable as well as unfavorable courses for dissection to aid surgical planning.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2019

Seafaring is an important occupation that requires stringent hand hygiene practices as a basic method for preventing food-borne illness and infectious diseases when the diseases occur on board. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental data for the prevention of food-borne illness and infectious disease on the ship by investigating the level of hand hygiene practices and influencing factors. A total of 222 seafarers were surveyed at a seafarers' educational institution between July and August 2017. Their hand hygiene practice were examined by a modified method using the guidelines which are recommended by the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Hand Hygiene Australia. The mean of hand hygiene practice was 47.97 out of 75 points. By category, the most frequent hand hygiene practice was measured as 4.04 on a 5-point scale as 'after working'. Factors affecting hand hygiene practices were ship tonnage relating to in job characteristics, exercise in health-related characteristics, and soap in relation to the characteristics of the hand hygiene environment on board. To improve hand hygiene among seafarers, it is necessary to raise awareness of hand hygiene among seafarers who work on small ships in particular, and to improve the systems of hand hygiene on ships with continuous education, hygiene practice evaluation and feedback.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.74-91
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• 2012

This study puts its focus on Honjeon space which relatively small number of precedent studies chose as a subject of a study. The objective is to analyze Honjeon space's spatial relationship and palaces that consist Honjeon through analysis of spatial configuration and elements that affected construction of Honjeon space. The Royal Funeral, among other ceremonies of Joseon Dysnasty, carries religious characteristic along with functional and structural characteristics. By analyzing "National Five Rites", "Uigwe for the State Funeral 魂殿都監儀軌", and "Annals of Joseon Dynasty", the study organized elementary details about Honjeon space and surrounding spaces to determine the symbolism of Honjeon space's location at each palace and compared them to see if any systematical features existed between Honjeon spaces of each palace. Through this study, it was apparent the king mainly used Jaseongdang Hall of Gyeongbokgung in the early period of Joseon Dynasty and he mainly used Sunjeongjun of Changdeokgung while the queen used Munjeongjun of Changgyeonggung as the time reached the later period of Joseon Dynasty. Also in determination of Honjeon space, the study found that there were records of avoiding Pyeonjeon space in need for political space. The study also determined that places other than Pyeonjeon space was intended to be used for Honjeon space through the analysis which indicates that spaces that were initially used as Pyeonjun in the early Joseon Dynasty and simultaneously as Honjeon space were moved due to changes made in terms of theirs usages. Through the study, it could be also known that primary spaces of Honjeon was composed accordingly to "National Five Rites" and constant pattern of spaces existed among buildings near Honjeon which were arranged according to each palace's characteristic.

• (The) Korean Journal of Advertising
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.7-25
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• 2017

The previous studies regarding prosocial behavior have been researched based on donors' personal traits and the effects of donees emotions. However, studies in identifying the effects of regulatory focus as motivational traits and the emotions resulting from donees' expression on prosocial behaviors have not been researched as much thoroughly. Specifically, consumers with prevention-focus perceive fit as the goal attainability process by avoiding negative factors. Thus, it is expected that the intentions of doing a charitable deed greater will more increase when the donees look sad than when they look happy. On the other hand, consumers with promotion-focus perceive fit as the consequential benefits of goal attainability when they are in the condition of a positive emotion. As a result, the intention of doing a charitable deed is expected to be increased greater when the donees have happier faces than sad faces. According to the experimental results, consumers with prevention focus more intended to do a charitable deed when the donees' expression was presented with a sad expression by mediating sadness. On the contrary, consumers with promotion focus show higher intention of doing a charitable deed when the donees looked happier by mediating happy feelings. This study has a theoretical meaningfulness in respect to expanding previous research concerning regulatory focus into donation contexts. Furthermore, this study has practical implications by presenting the donation strategies on information presentations of donees.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.81-90
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• 2020

This paper describes a method of building Korean conversational speech data in the emergency medical domain and proposes an annotation method for the collected data in order to improve speech recognition performance. To suggest future research directions, baseline speech recognition experiments were conducted by using partial data that were collected and annotated. All voices were recorded at 16-bit resolution at 16 kHz sampling rate. A total of 166 conversations were collected, amounting to 8 hours and 35 minutes. Various information was manually transcribed such as orthography, pronunciation, dialect, noise, and medical information using Praat. Baseline speech recognition experiments were used to depict problems related to speech recognition in the emergency medical domain. The Korean conversational speech data presented in this paper are first-stage data in the emergency medical domain and are expected to be used as training data for developing conversational systems for emergency medical applications.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.194-202
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• 2006

In this work, extraction and purification of the possible whitening agents from the Chinese plants; Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (xizang cai ju hua), Rhodiola sachalinensis, and Terminalia chebula Retzius have been described. The chopped leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat and Terminalia chebula Retzius were added to water and ethyl ether, respectively. Components were separated on a GS310 column ($21.5{\times}500mm$ i.d., $10-15{\mu}m$) and concentrated into four or three portions. The chopped leaves of Rhodiola salientness were added to methanol and separated and concentrated on a column ($C_{18}$ column, $3.9^{\circ}$�F8;300 mm i.d., $15{\mu}m$) into two parts. The whitening effects of extracts were examined by in-vitro melanin production assay, in melana and B16 cells at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$. The ethyl acetate layer of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat showed 92% melanin inhibitory at $200{\mu}g/ml$, the extract of Rhodiola sachalinensis showed a whitening effect of about 60% melanin inhibitory, which was more efficient than the whitening effect of arbutin (45.6%). The methanol extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius inhibited melanin expression by 90% at $100{\mu}g/ml$; however, it was toxic to B16 melanoma cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

The evaluation of soybean germplasm has mainly been carried out by morphological characters at Genetic Resources Division, Rural Development Administration (RDA). However, this information has been limited serving a diverse information for user and effectively managing the soybean germplasm. To resolve this problem, soybean collection conserved at RDA gene bank was profiled using nine soybean SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Soybean SSR allele was confirmed using genescan and genotyper softwares of automatic sequencer for accurate genotyping of each accession and continuous accumulation of data. SSR profiling of soybean germplasm has been carried out from 2,855 (Satt458) to 4,368 (Satt197) accessions by locus. The number of allele revealed 267 with an average of 29.6 in total accession, and varied from a low of 21 (Satt532 and Satt141) to a high of 58 (Sat_074). Although the number of accessions of wild soybean is less than that of soybean landraces, Korean wild soybean is more variable than other soybean landraces populations in total number of alleles. However, Korean soybean landraces were more variable than Korean wild soybeans in 5 loci. In the allele frequency, wild soybean accessions showed an even distribution in all alleles and higher distribution in low ladder than in high ladder. Also, Korean soybean landraces revealed a high condensed frequency in Satt286 (202 bp, 232 bp), Chinese soybean landraces in Satt197 (171 bp) and Satt458 (173 bp), and Japanese soybean landraces in Sat_074 (244 bp) and Satt458 (170 bp). These SSR profile information will be provided as indications of redundancies or omissions of accessions and can aid in managing soybean collection held at RDA gene bank. The information on diversity analysis could help to enlarge the genetic diversity of materials in breeding program, and could be used to develop a core collection of soybean germplasm.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.422-427
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• 1999

Background: Tachycardia induced heart failure model would be the model of choice for the dilated cardiomyopathy. This more closely resembles the clinical syndrome and does not require major surgical trauma, myocardial ischemia and pharmacological or toxic depression of cardiac function. When heart failure is progressive, application of new surgical procedures to the faling heart is highly risky. It has been shown that recovery trajectory from heart failure is a new method in decreasing animal mortality. The purpose is to establish the control datas for recovery trajectory in the canine heart failure model. Material and Method: 21 mongrel dogs were studied at 4 stages(baseline, at the heart failure, 4 and 8 weeks after recovery). Heart failure was induced during 4 weeks of continuous rapid pacing using a pacemaker. Eight weeks of trajectory of recovery period was allowed. Indices of left ventricular function and dimension were measured every 2 weeks and the hemodynamics were measured by use of Swan-Ganz catheterization and thermodilution method every 4 weeks. Values were expressed as mean${\pm}$standard deviation. Result: 4(20%) dogs died due to heart failure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume at the 4 stages were 40.8${\pm}$7.4, 82.1${\pm}$21.1, 59.9${\pm}$7.7 and 46.5${\pm}$6.5ml. Left ventricular end-systolic volume showed the same trend. Ejection fractions were 50.6${\pm}$4.1, 17.5${\pm}$5.8, 36.3${\pm}$7.3, and 41.5${\pm}$2.4%. Blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes. Pressures of central vein, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge showed significant increase during the heart failure period, normalizing at the end of recovery period. Stroke volumes were 21.5${\pm}$8.2, 12.3${\pm}$3.5, 17.9${\pm}$4.6, and 15.5${\pm}$3.4ml. Blood norepinephrine level was 133.3${\pm}$60.0pg/dL at the baseline and 479.4${\pm}$327.3pg/dL at the heart failure stage(p=0.008). Conclusion: Development of tachycardia induced heart failure model is of high priority due to ready availability and reasonable amenability to measurements. Recovery trajectory after cessation of tachycardia showed reduction of cardiac dilatation and heart function. Application of new surgical procedures during the recovery period could decrease animal mortality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate polymorphism, gene diversity, and geographical relationships of 81 Korean wild (Glycine soja) and 130 cultivated soybeans (G. max) using seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 144 alleles were observed in 211 accessions with an average of 20.6. Each SSR loci showed 13 (Satt532) to 41 (Sat_074) multialleles. The range of alleles within the loci was wider in wild soybean than the cultivated soybeans. The average genetic diversity values were 0.88 and 0.69 in wild and cultivated soybeans, respectively. In a scatter diagram of wild and cultivated soybeans based on canonical discriminant analysis, CAN1 accounted for 84.2% while CAN2 did 8.5%. Two species were grouped into three: group I (G. max), group II (G. soja), and group III (complex of G. max and G. soja). The geographical relationships of wild soybean were distinguished into two groups: Gyeonggi for Group I, and Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Gangwon, and Chungcheong for Group II. Those of cultivated soybeans were distinguished into Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and Gyeongsang for Group I, and Jeolla and Chungcheong for Group II. Therefore, the geographical relationships of wild soybeans were well typified based on the ecosystems of the Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 1982

The edible portion of chestnut, Castenea crenata Sieb, et Zucc, were freeze-dried and subjected to analysis of minerals, lipid classes and fatty acid composition by silicic acid column chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The results of analysis for the minerals in chestnut showed that the contents of magnesium, iron and phosphorus were decreased during storage after freeze-drying. The contents of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids in the raw edible portion were 34.6, 38.6, and 26.8%, respectively. The contents of neutral lipids and phospholipids of the freeze-dried chestnut were decreased, while glycolipids were increased during storage. In the fatty acid composition of total lipid, $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ acid were abundant in the raw edible portion, but freeze-dried chestnut contained relatively much amount of $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:1}$, and $C_{18:2}$ acid. It is noticeable that $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ acid in the freeze-dried chestnut were remarkably decreased during storage. Upon the fatty acid composition, total lipid contained $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{16:0}$ acid in the highest proportion, but neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids contained $C_{16:0}$ and $C_{18:2}$ acid in the highest proportion. Cycloartenol (20.6%) was a major component in the 4-monomethylsterol fraction separated by thin layer chromatography and cyclolaudenol, cycloeucalenol, and citrostadienol were detected as minor components. Sitosterol (74.6%) was a major component in the 4-desmethylsterol fraction separated by thin-layer chromatography and ${\Delta}^5-avensterol$, campesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol were also detected as minor components.