• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.444-455
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• 2022

Purpose: This study explored the meaning of the social perceptions of nurses in online news articles during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A total of 339 nurse-related articles published in Korean online newspapers from January 1 to December 31, 2020, were extracted by entering various combinations of OR and AND with the four words "Corona," "COVID," "Nursing," and "Nurse" as search keywords using BIGKinds, a news database provided by the Korea Press Foundation. The collected data were analyzed with a keyword network analysis and topic modeling using NetMiner 4. Results: The top keywords extracted from the nurse-related news articles were, in the following order, "metropolitan area," "protective clothing," "government," "task," and "admission." Four topics representing keywords were identified: "encouragement for dedicated nurses," "poor work environment," "front-line nurses working with obligation during the COVID-19 pandemic," and "nurses' efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19." Conclusion: The media's attention to the dedication of nurses, the shortage of nursing resources, and the need for government support is encouraging in that it forms the public opinion necessary to lead to substantial improvements in treating nurses. The nursing community should actively promote policy proposals to improve treatment toward nurses by utilizing the net function of the media and proactively seek and apply strategies to improve the image of nurses working in various fields.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1968

An outbreak of typhoid fever in Samchunpo city was surveyed and the results were summarized as follows: 1. 638 of clinical cases were detected in 17 Dongs(districts) of the city of Samchunpo,(54,064), during the epidemic period from 1st September to the end of November, 1967. 2. The morbidity rate was 1,189 per 100,000 population;(1,300 female, and 1,060 male). 3. The highest peak was reached in the third week of September and a second peak appeared at the end of September 1967. 4. The mode of infection was suspected strongly as a water-borne and the source of infection as an old public well called Gal-Dae-Saim, since the causative agent was found in close public latrine and the contaminated sewage ditch witch was connected with the well. 5. All patients and carriers were treated at their home under the supervision of local medical authorities. 6. The Gal-Dae-Saim was closed immediately on 7th October, 1967 by the order of the mayor. 7. At the end of November, 1967 when the outbreak in Samchunpo was almost ended, another small epidemic occurred in Koseong county which bordered the eastern outskirt of the city. 8. During the survey, a strain of Shigella flexneri was isolated from the sewage located three meters from Gal-Dae-Saim and also from one case. 9. It was reported by the local health center in May, 1968, that no carrier had been detected in the survey made among the persons who had had typhoid fever in 1967. Also thereafter no cases of typhoid fever were reported through October, 1968.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1997

Purpose : Aseptic meningitis mainly caused by enterovirus is common in pediatric population especially during summer & fall. Most of pediatric patients restore their health without any complications with proper management. Between May to August of 1996, Masan and surrounding areas of the Kyoungsangnamdo were epidemic areas for the aseptic meningitis. The purpose of this study was to determine causative virus and describe correlation between disease and clinical symptoms in aseptic meningitis patients and those with fever and characteristic rashes without apparent meningitis symptoms. Methods : Between May to August, 1996, 57 patients with high fever and characteristic feature of rashes were reviewed. From 22 cerebrospinal fluid & 57 stool obtained specimens, viral culture and detection of enterovirus RNA were conducted. Collected specimens were kept in $-30^{\circ}C$ environment until sending of specimens to labortory. The virus identified through indirect immunofluorescence. RT-PCR method was used to identify enterovirus RNA in cerebralspinal fluid. Results : 1) One hundred fifty five pediatric patients with viral infection required hospitalization. Disease occurred higher rate in male than female with ratio of 1.94:1. Examined patients' age ranged from 15days old to 15years old. But most of patients(74.8%) were under age of 5years old. The time of occurrence was between May to August of 1996. 2) All patients had high fever and physical symptoms in those patients include headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rashes. The rashes observed mainly in patients under age of 4 years and were predominantly commom patients under age of 18 months olds)<0.001). 3) Between sampled patients and non-sampled patients, clinical course was similar. Echovirus type 9 was cultivated in 41 out of 57 cases of collected stool specimens. RT-PCR that used on CSF showed positive results in 10 out of 22 cases. Three cases of positive cultivated of positive results in RT-PCR were echovirus type 9. Conclusions : Echovirus type 9 was thought to be the causative agent of aseptic meningitis that was prevalent throughout mid areas of Kyoungsangnamdo from May to August, 1996. Additionally causative agent that responsible for high fever with rashes without meningitis symptoms also thought to be the same echovirus type 9.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2001

Purpose : There was an epidemic of aseptic meningitis in Korea for 3 years from 1996 to 1998. In this study, we reported the time of outbreak, age and sex distribution, clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and complications of the children with aseptic meningitis. Methods : We reviewed clinical records of 192 aseptic meningitis patients who had been admitted to Pohang St. Mary's Hospital from 1996 to 1998. Results : Aseptic meningitis occurred most frequently in July and August. The ratio of male to female was 1.91 : 1, and the most prevalent age was 1 to 5 years of age. The main symptoms were fever, vomiting, headache in this order of frequency. Peripheral blood showed leukocytosis(WBC > $10,000/mm^3$) in 44.3% of the cases. CSF examination showed WBC count were less than $500/mm^3$ in 88.0%, protein levels less than 40 mg/dL in 61.5%, and glucose levels more than 40 mg/dL in 94.3% of the cases. We did not isolate the causative viral agents. Conclusion : Aseptic meningitis was prevalent in children in the Pohang area from 1996 to 1998. Clinical manifestations and CSF profiles of aseptic meningitis patients showed no great difference compared to other reported.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

Purpose : The Purposes of this study are to identify the circulating etiologic viruses of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children and to understand the relation with clinical diagnosis. Methods : We obtained a total of 418 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children admitted for their acute lower respiratory tract infections at three tertiary hospitals in Seoul from September 2008 to March 2009. We performed multiplex RT-PCR to identify 14 etiologic viruses and analyzed their emerging patterns and clinical features. Results : Average age of patients was 16.4 months old and the ratio of male to female was 1.36. Viruses were detected in 56.2% of a total of 418 samples. Respiratory syncytial virus (35%) was the most frequently detected and followed by human rhinovirus (22%), human bocavirus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and human coronavirus. Co-infection reached 21.9 % of positive patients. Conclusion : When we manage the patients with acute lower respiratory infectious diseases, we should remind the role of various viral pathogens, which might be circulating by seasons and by local areas.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.91-101
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• 2021

This paper intends to draw implications for preparing for Post-Corona in the health field and policy fields as the global pandemic is experienced due to COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to analyze the news and trends of media companies through temporal analysis of the three infectious diseases, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), in which the domestic infectious disease preventive system was active throughout the first year of the outbreak. To this end, by using the news analysis program of the Korea Press Foundation 'Big Kinds', the number of news articles per year was digitized based on the period when each infectious disease had an impact on Korea, and major trends were implemented and analyzed in a word cloud. As a result of the analysis, the number of articles related to infectious diseases peaked when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a warning and (suspicious) confirmed cases occurred. According to keyword and word cloud analysis, 'infectious disease outbreak and major epidemic areas', 'prevention authorities', and 'disease information and confirmed patient information' were found to be the main common features, and differences were derived from the three infectious diseases. In addition, the current status of the infodemic was identified by performing word cloud analysis on information in uncertainty. The results of this study are significant in that they were able to derive the roles of the health authorities and the media that should be preceded in the event of a new disease epidemic through previously experienced infectious diseases, and areas to be rearranged.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.37
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• pp.135-157
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• 2013

The Tian-Ren Relations theory was prevalent in Han period. People says that after this, in the West Han period, Dong zhong shu systematized the theory. In his Tian-Ren Relations theory, the various characters of Ren & Tian has same structure by personifying Tian and Nature. Wang chong's Tian-Ren Relations theory is not only very a critique on the Tian-Ren response theory in West Han period, but also a basis of his own thought-system. At that time, the social consciousness form was already the modified Tian-Ren response theory. But Wang chong sharply criticized it, because he thought that Tian-Ren response theory is very falsehood. Critique of Wang chong has two aspect, One is truth and falsehood judgement in empirical fact of human about the Tian-Ren response theory. The other is right and wrong judgement in value of human & society about the Tian-Ren response theory. The different meanings are always overlapped each other or appeared at the same time in critique of Wang chong In this paper will be research on this Tian-Ren relations theory of Wang chong, his critique on Tian-Ren response theory and the meaning of human-being on his theory.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2005

Purpose: There were a few reports for epidemiologic changes of rotavirus gastroenteritis during recent several years in Korea. We tried to know what is characteristics for the prevalence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Jeju different from epidemiology of the other domestic area. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 211 patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis admitted to the pediatric ward at Cheju National University hospital, from December 2001 to June 2005. We defined as rotavirus infection that was positive on immunochromatography method applied to stool samples. Results: Two hundred eleven patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis consisted of 13 patients in December 2001, 32 in 2002, 79 in 2003, 48 patients in 2004 and 39 in 2005 (until June). The monthly distributions, during 3 years from 2002 to 2004, were 40 patients (25.2%) in Jaunary, 56 (35.2%) in February, 31 (19.5%) in March and 23 (14.5%) in April. From May to December, there were only 9 patients (5.6%). Therefore, the prevalences of rotavirus gastroenteritis were concentrated on the 4 months (94.4%) including January, February, March and April. Also, the changes of the monthly distributions from January 2002 to June 2005 were not present. Conclusion: In recent years, the monthly distributions of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Jeju area were centered on the 4 months from January to April without prominent seasonal variation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2017

To examine the cause of acute diarrheal disease in children and adolescents, 521 fecal samples underwent multiple-PCR for a period of two years, between March 2015 and February 20178, in the Jeju region of Korea. Based on the analysis of 179 positive samples, 102 samples were male (56.98%) and 77 were female (43.02%), and highest positive rates were shown in the age group of 3~4 years (51.96%) and 5~6 years (12.29%). When 209 cases (40.12%), including double infection were analyzed, there were 88 cases (16.89%) of norovirus-GII infection, 26 cases (4.99%) of Campylobacter spp. infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of rotavirus infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of Clostridium difficile Toxin B infection, 17 cases (3.26%) of adenovirus infection, 16 cases (3.07%) of Clostridium perfringens infection, 11 cases (2.11%) of astrovirus infection, 5 cases (0.96%) of Salmonella spp. infection, 3 cases (0.58%) of norovirus-GI, Yersinia spp. and Aeromonas spp. infections, and 1 case (0.19%) of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli infection. Based on a seasonal separation of early childhood, norovirus-GI and norovirus-GII mainly prevailed during the winter, when the temperature is low. Typical enteritis with an increased prevalence of rotavirus during the spring. Astrovirus prevailed between the months of April and October, when norovirus-GI, norovirus-GII, and rotavirus did not prevail. With increasing age, acute diarrheal disease was not only induced by a virus, but also by bacteria. Although a test for virus is an effective method when trying to identify the cause during early childhood by multiplex-PCR, it would be desirable to undergo tests for both virus and bacteria concurrently as age increases.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.104-114
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• 1998

Purpose : Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. The epidemics of aseptic meningitis in 1993 and 1996 were mostly caused by echovirus type 9. Identification of the causative virus of aseptic meningitis in epidemics, is very important not only for diagnosis but also for epidemiologic purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the causative virus and investigate the relationship between aseptic meningitis, prevailed in Masan and surrounding areas in Kyoungsangnamdo in 1997, and its clinical manifestations. Methods : One hundred twenty eight cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and 239 stool specimens were obtained from 239 patients(213 children and 26 adult patients) with aseptic meningitis were admitted to Masan Fatima Hospitals from March to October 1997. Viral isolation and serotype identification was performed by cell culture and immunofluorescent test. Enteroviruses not typed by immunofluorescent test was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results : 1) The peak incidence was noted in June. 2) The age of 239 patients(pediatrics-213 cases, internal medicine-26 cases) that were diagnosed ranged from neonate to 35 years, the age of the patients of pediatrics ranged from neonate to 15years(mean 4.9 years), the age of the patients of internal medicine (above 16 years) ranged from 16 years to 35 years(mean 24.2 years). 3) Fifty-three(41.4%) of 128 CSF specimens were positive for enteroviruses, and 163(68.2%) of 239 stool specimens were positive for enteroviruses respectively. 4) Serotypes of 53 enteroviruses isolated from CSF were 16(30.2%) of echovirus type 30, 6(11.3%) of echovirus type 6, 1 of echovirus type 4, 4 of untyped echovirus, 1 of coxsackievirus type B5, and 24 isolates of untyped enteroviruses. Of 163 enterovirus isolated from stool were 72(44.2%) of echovirus type 30, 21(12.9%) of echovirus type 6, 1 of echovirus type 4, 17(10.4%) of undetermined subtyped echovirus, 1 of coxsackievirus type B5, 2 of A24, 3 of undetermined subtyped coxsackievirus type B, and 46 isolates of untyped enterovirus. Conclusion : There were epidemics of aseptic meningitis in the central areas of Kyoungsangnamdo from March to October 1997. The main causative organism was thought to be the echovirus type 30, and echovirus type 4, 6, coxsackievirus B5 and A24 were also thought to contribute to the epidemics.