• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.199-218
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• 2018

The force majeure in the international sale of goods has been widely used regarding liability and settlement of disputes in the event of breach of contract due to circumstances beyond the control of the parties. The purpose of this study is to examine the judgment criteria and cases concerning on force majeure in the application of FTA preferential tariffs. In order to achieve this purpose, this paper uses a literature review and case analysis on exceptional circumstances under the Korea·ASEAN FTA and the Korea·EU FTA. This study, this paper provides several implications for companies seeking preferential tariffs regarding the Korea·ASEAN FTA and the Korea·EU FTA. Korean companies are subject to the following: confirm the denial article of FTA preferential tariffs stipulated in the Korea·ASEAN FTA and the Korea·EU FTA, consider the judgment criteria on exceptional circumstances of customs authorities, confirm the extension criteria on the validity period of certificate of origin, confirm the reply criteria of verification result of the customs authorities of the exporting country, and confirm the violation of the principle of good faith for unrequested action on reply of verification result of customs authorities.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.257-262
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• 2023

As part of their marketing policy, some suppliers allow retailers a period of credit in anticipation of increasing demand for the products they supply. The opportunity to defer payments on products through credit transactions has the effect of reducing retailers' inventory investment costs, and as a result, retailers determine selling prices in anticipation of increased demand from buyers. This study aims to analyze the inventory model that determines the retailer's selling price and EOQ(Economic Order Quantity) under the assumption that the buyer's demand is an exponentially decreasing function of the retailer's selling price in the credit transaction supply chain consisting of suppliers, retailers, and buyers. The products supplied for problem analysis include the case of deteriorating products that deteriorate over time, and the effect of the credit transaction period, the index of price elasticity and the degree of deterioration on the retailer's selling price and EOQ is analyzed.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-210
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• 2009

Space law(or outer space law) and the law of the sea are branches of international law dealing with activities in geographical ares which do not or do only in part come under national sovereignty. Legal rules pertaining to the outer space and sea began to develop once activities emerged in those areas: amongst others, activities dealing with transportation, research, exploration, defense and exploitation. Naturally the law of the sea developed first, followed, early in the twentieth century, by air law, and later in the century by space law. Obviously the law of the sea, of the air and of outer space influence each other. Ideas have been borrowed from one field and applied to another. This article examines some analogies and differences between the outer space law and the law of the sea, especially from the perspective of the legal status, the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources and environment. As far as the comparisons of the legal status between the outer space and high seas are concerned the two areas are res extra commercium. The latter is res extra commercium based on both the customary international law and treaty, however, the former is different respectively according to the customary law and treaty. Under international customary law, whilst outer space constitutes res extra commercium, celestial bodies are res nullius. However as among contracting States of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, both outer space and celestial bodies are declared res extra commercium. As for the comparisons of the exploration and exploitation of natural resources between the Moon including other celestial bodies in 1979 Moon Agreement and the deep sea bed in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the both areas are the common heritage of mankind. The latter gives us very systematic models such as International Sea-bed Authority, however, the international regime for the former will be established as the exploitation of the natural resources of the celestial bodies other than the Earth is about to become feasible. Thus Moon Agreement could not impose a moratorium, but would merely permit orderly attempts to establish that such exploitation was in fact feasible and practicable, by allowing experimental beginnings and thereafter pilot operations. As Professor Carl Christol said until the parties of the Moon Agreement were able to put into operation the legal regime for the equitable sharing of benefits, they would remain free to disregard the Common Heritage of Mankind principle. Parties to one or both of the agreements would retain jurisdiction over national space activities. In so far as the comparisons of the protection of the environment between the outer space and sea is concerned the legal instruments for the latter are more systematically developed than the former. In the case of the former there are growing tendencies of concerning the environmental threats arising from space activities these days. There is no separate legal instrument to deal with those problems.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2020

Exotic species have been imported for economic purposes, but more recently, an increasing number of animals are imported as pets. With the increasing popularity of two species of turtles, Mauremys sinensis and Pseudemys concinna, the number of pet turtle owners has gradually increased since 2014. The number of turtles increased by 180 in 2017 and 281 in 2019. However, these turtle species have been abandoned to nature, owing to their long lifespans and the changes in conditions of pet owners. The two turtle species have been designated as invasive alien species (AIS) in Korea considering their ecological risks, and the Biological Diversity Act prohibits their release. The owners of Mauremys sinensis and Pseudemys concinna are required to submit the "Application for Approval of Breeding and Grace for AIS" document. In this study, the breeding conditions for the two turtle species were investigated by analyzing the information in the submitted applications for six months (e.g., the suitability of breeding facilities, number of turtles, breeding period, type of pet adoption, and local district of pet owner). A total of 614 cases were analyzed. Because only 58% of breeders provided suitable breeding conditions, breeding information and responsible pet ownership training should be offered to prevent abandonment in natural ecosystems. In addition, continuous monitoring is necessary to prepare for potential problems caused by the lack of information in many applications and the one-off licensing policy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.309-312
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• 2013

Fungal cell walls consist of various glucans and chitin. Fungi produce chitinases for their growth and development. The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces at least two different chitinases during its life cycle. Chitinase 1 (chi1) is expresses throughout its life cycle while chitinase 2 (chi2) is expressed at the mushroom autolysing phase. The cloned cDNA of chi1 is successfully expressed as a fusion protein with c-myc in Pichia pastoris, and purified by the affinity chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature of Chi1 was pH 8.0 and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively when 4-nitrophenyl N,N',N"-triacetyl-${\beta}$-D-chitotrioside was used as the substrate. The $K_m$ value and $V_{max}$ for the substrate was 0.780 mM and 0.10 OD $min^{-1}unit^{-1}$, respectively. The addition of purified Chi1 resulted in total growth inhibition against several plant pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, Fusarium graminearum and Trichoderma harzianum at the concentration of 60 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.59-63
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• 2000

At military bases, environmental restoration activities resulting from oil contamination are growing concerns of preventing adverse effects on human health and environments. Its technologies are still under developing stage through some countries such as United States and Germany. This study is focused on developing model for a decision-maker to assist the restoration priority under the situation of limited resources such as budget and time. The Model, named the Base Restoration Priority Decision model(BRP model), is composed of the three factors : oil contaminants receptors, and the potential migration pathways. Each risk rating of factor is combined in the 27 matrix blocks and set immediate, moderate, and delayed action category designated restoration priority. This is categorized to group sites into three degree using the simplest of assessment system. As a result, the model will be able to apply to the effective allocation of resources for the restoration by any decision-maker because the model is easy to understand. Also, the continuous study will have established risk assessment system for the restoration of contaminated military with this study as the starting point.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.253-267
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• 2016

Everybody dreams of a bright future. A future career determines the direction and quality of an individual's life. Achieving positive career development is one of the most crucial tasks during adolescence. In both national and personal perspectives, the vocational identity of science-gifted students provides some important points to discuss. The purpose of this study is to examine the vocational identity of science-gifted students. Participants included 103 science-gifted students who have received an acceptance letter from a science-gifted school. The modified VISA (Vocational Identity Status Assessment) model was used to analyze the vocational identities of gifted students with 'a letter to myself in the future'. The study found that vocational identity status of the science-gifted students was determined as Foreclosed and Searching Moratorium. The science-gifted students demonstrated more Commitment than Exploration and Reconsideration. They also showed higher levels in Career Identification, In-Narrow Exploration, and Career Flexibility. In addition, they shared common orientations in vocational identity such as strong enthusiasm, challenging limits, and responsibility towards humanity. We expect that this study will contribute to the social interest of science-gifted students in the area of career education. In order for science-gifted students to nurture their full potential with a deeper awareness of education, follow-up studies have to be conducted to provide greater and ideal career education.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2015

Due to the attractive benefits with regard to bone health, digestion, and hydration, carbonated water consumption have rapidly grown over the past few years. However, the acidic drink has latent potential for enamel erosion. The most experimental studies about the enamel erosion have focused on the carbonated beverages with sugar and artificial sweeteners. Here, we determined the enamel erosion potential by commercially available carbonated waters with bovine teeth. The erosion was verified by pH value, calcium concentration, and scanning electron microscope. Then plaque accumulation by bacterial adhesion was determined on the enamel erosion surface to measure roughness. In the present study, we observed that the increased calcium content after being immersed in carbonated waters result from the overall enamel erosion. There were no significant differences between general carbonated waters and mineral waters for erosive capacity. Therefore, commercially available carbonated waters are potentially erosive. In addition, oral bacteria strongly adhered to the erosive enamel surfaces thereby facilitating the development of dental plaque. Thus, it is urgently necessary to provide food safety information on the carbonated water as acidic drink to prevent the enamel erosion.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.220-223
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• 2012

A new cultivar $Dendranthema$ $grandiflourm$ 'Dream Water' was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Korea in 2009. The cultivar 'Dream Water' was initially derived from the cross in 2005 between 'Patra', a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with yellow single type, and 'Ruces', a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with white single type. The cultivar has single type with ivory petals. Trial evaluation was conducted from 2006 to 2009 for selection of this variety, including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in summer. The flowering time of 'Dream Water' was October 24th, and year-round flowering is possible by shading or lighting treatment. The diameter of the flower is 56.0 mm. Number of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 11.1 and 26.8, respectively. Its leaf color was green (Green Group 147A) and plant height was 89.7 cm. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 54 in spring, and diameter of flower center was 1.4 cm in the summer. The vase life was 16.7 days in autumn and consumer's preference of new spray chrysanthemum is high level than control.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.297-305
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• 2013

This thesis is a result of a study of the treatment course of post traumatic stress disorder because of the historical incident which is described in the novel, Uncle Suni by Hyun Ki-young. Uncle Suni survived the massacre which happened during the 4.3 Incident in Jeju Island. However, living a buried life, she suffers a historical trauma. To cure her disorder, she had to know the cause of her illness, such as auditory hallucination, mysophobia, etc. The author describes that kinds of patients should be ensured to get help not only in duty of the society but of the country and that historical justice should stand right. Uncle Suni reexperienced the incident when she happened to discover 'the white bones' and 'the lead bullets' while she was working in her 'Ohmpang field'. To cure her illness, she needed to confess her guilt that she had escaped from the massacre, and deep appreciation about the incident, which means she had to testify, and in the course of the testimony, she had to confess her inner feelings. To solve the historical trauma, there should be a recovery of connection between the patient and the society. The course of treatment should go from the patient herself to the realm of the society through which the patient, Uncle Suni can reach the recovery.