• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.562-569
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• 1993

The pseudophase separation model is used to describe the effects of pH and n-propanol on the mixed micellar formation of protonated and unprotonated dimethyldodecylamine oxides. Dimethyl-dodecylamine oxide surfactant molecules may exist in aqueous solution in either nonionic (unprotonated) or cationic (protonated) form, and they can be modeled thermodynamically as a binary mixture of cationic and nonionic surfactants. The composition of the binary mixture is varied by adjusting the solution pH. And activities, micellar compositions, and monomeric compositions of two surfactant species can be calculated directly from the experimental titration data by applying pseudophase separation model to the micellar system of DDAO in water/n-propanol. The critical micellar concentrations and the p$K_a$ values of the binary mixture systems are dependent on the micellar composition of the protonated cationic surfactant (X); especially they show the minimum phenomena when they are plotted against the micellar composition of the protonated cationic surfactant (X). The critical micellar concentration of the binary mixed DDAO system is generally decreased when n-propanol is added to the binary mixture system, and the degree of decrease is dependent on the concentration of n-propanol.

• New Physics: Sae Mulli
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• v.68 no.12
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2018

In this study, $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ films were grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The crystallinity of the grown films was examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The surfaces and the chemical properties of the $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The optical properties of the $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ film were studied in a wide photon energy range between 2.0 ~ 8.7 eV by using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) at room temperature. The data obtained by using SE were analyzed to find the critical points of the pseudodielectric function spectra, $<{\varepsilon}(E)>=<{\varepsilon}_1(E)>+i<{\varepsilon}_2(E)>$. In addition, the second derivative spectra, $d^2<{\varepsilon}(E)>/dE^2$, of the pseudodielectric function for the $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ films were numerically calculated to determine the critical points (CPs), such as the $E_0$, $E_1$, and $E_2$ structure. For the four samples (x = 0.18, 0.21, 0.25, 0.29) between a composition of x = 0.18 and x = 0.29, changes in the critical points (blue-shifts) with increasing Al composition at 300 K for the $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ film were observed via ellipsometric measurements for the first time.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.333-338
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• 2022

The single jet of decane/methylcyclohexane mixed fuel that is surrogate for kerosene was injected into supercritical environment and visualized using shadowgraph technique. The injection pressure drop of the fuel jet of T_r = 0.484 was kept constant at 0.5 MPa and the experiment was conducted above the critical point of the mixed fuel, and the reduced temperatures of the chamber was changed from 1.00 to 1.23, and the reduced pressures was 1.00 and 1.38. As an index for reducing the density of jets sprayed into the supercritical environment, the brightness intensity of the post-processed jet image was observed with the internal temperature and pressure of the chamber. It was confirmed that the decrease in the brightness intensity of the jet when the temperature inside the chamber increased, and when the pressure inside the chamber was higher at the same temperature, the decrease in the brightness intensity of the jet was delayed. When the pressure inside the chamber is high, it is thought that the change in brightness intensity is delayed due to the increase in the pseudo-critical temperature of the fuel and the increase in the temperature required to reduce the density of the fuel jet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

As a compressed water is rapidly expanded through a nozzle, two-phase flow of vapor and liquid is formed in the nozzle due to the flash evaporation. In the present study, critical flow of two-phase fluids is analysized using an Isentropic-Homogeneous-Equilibrium model and a Leung model. Calculation results show that the choke of the two-phase flow can be two different types of continuous and discontinuous chokings. For the stagnation pressure below 10 Mpa it is found that the continuous choking, which is similar to the choking phenomenon of single-phase gas flow, is possible only when the degree of subcooling is less than 10K.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.93-95
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• 2008

미디어와 기술 발달의 따른 매우 원본과 같은 복제 영상인 유사-복제 영상들이 원저자의 동의 없이 사용자간의 교환이 무방비로 유동되고 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 새로운 영상 식별자를 제안한다. 제안된 영상 식별자는 특징점 기반이며, 그것의 주변 밝기 정보의 고유값 분해과정을 거쳐서 지역 기술자를 생성한다. 이 생성된 지역 기술자들을 원본 데이터베이스와 빠르게 검색하여 주어진 질의 영상과 관련된 원본을 찾는 시스템이다. 실험에서는 총 13 종류의 영상을 왜곡을 시행하였으며, 거리의 따른 임계값은 false-positive alarm 을 시행하여 결정하였다. 실험결과 매우 높은 정확률을 가지며, 영상으로부터 영상 식별자 추출 및 데이터에이스 검색속도 또한 매우 우수한 성능을 가진다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1998.10c
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• pp.647-649
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 다각 근사화 방법과 래스터 기반 연산 알고리즘을 이용하여 평면 지도상에 나타난 등고선을 3차원 가시화(Visualization)하여 보여준다. 다각 근사화 방법은 입력한 등고선에 대한 특징을 반영할 수 있는 최소한의 선형구분 오차 임계값을 이용하여 등고선에 근사화 시킨 것으로 저장 데이터의 양을 축소할 수 있다. 래스터 기반 알고리즘은 이웃한 두 개의 등고선 내부점의 높이 값을 그 점에서 두 등고선까지의 최단거리 및 등고선의 높이값을 변수로 하는 선형보간식으로 정의하고, 거리변환 연산을 도입하여 계산하는 알고리즘으로 구현이 용이하며, 간단한 계산만을 수행하기 때문에 처리 방법이 간단하다는 장점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 래스터 방법만을 이용한 복원보다 자료의 양이 감소함을 보였고, 전체 처리과정의 간단함과, 3차원 가시화된 등고선을 그래프 좌표상의 X, Y, Z축으로 원하는 각도만큼씩 회전시키며 관찰 할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 지형의 특징을 원형 등고선과 유사하게 유지하면서, 데이터 양을 축소하고 계산식을 간략화된 효과적인 지형정보 시각화를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.145
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• pp.91-117
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• 2018

This paper aims to clarify the similarities and differences between the Zhouyi and artificial intelligence. The divination of the Zhouyi is rooted in the oldest system of human knowledge, while artificial intelligence stands at the cutting edge of modern scientific revolution. At first sight, there does not appear to be any association that links the one to the another. However, they share the same ground as seen from a semiotic standpoint because both of them depend on the semiotic system as a means of obtaining knowledge. At least four aspects can be pointed out in terms of similarities. First, artificial intelligence and the Zhouyi use artificial language that consists of semiotic signs. Secondly, the principle that enables divination and artificial intelligence lies in imitation and representation. Thirdly, artificial intelligence and the Zhouyi carry out inferences based on mathematical algorithms that adopt the binary system. Fourth, artificial intelligence and the Zhouyi use analogy as a means of obtaining knowledge. However, those similarities do not guarantee that the Zhouyi could arrive at the scientific certainty. Nevertheless, it can give us important insight into the essence of our civilization. The Zhouyi uses intellect in order to get new information about the unknown world. However, it is hard to know what kind of intellect is involved in the process of divination. Likewise, we do not know the fundamental character of artificial intelligence. The intellect hidden in the unknown subject is a mystic and fearful existence to us. Just as the divination of the Zhouyi inspires the sense of reverence toward the supernatural subject, we could not but have fear in front of the invisible subject hidden in artificial intelligence. In the past, traditional philosophy acknowledged the existence of intellect only in conscious beings. Nonetheless, it becomes evident that human civilization ushers into a new epoch. As Ray Kurzweil mentioned, the moment of singularity comes when artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence. In my viewpoint, the term of singularity can be used for denoting the critical point in which the human species enters into the new phase of civilization. To borrow the term of Shao Yong(邵雍) in the Northern Song Dynasty, the past civilization belongs to the Earlier Heaven(先天), the future civilization belongs to the Later Heaven(後天). Once our civilization passes over the critical point, it is impossible to go back into the past. The opening of the Later Heaven foretold by the religious thinkers in the late period of Joseon Dynasty was a prophecy in its own age, but it is becoming a reality in the present.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose two timing-driven routing algorithms for single-source net and multi-source net as applications of 1-Steiner heuristic algorithm. Using the method of substituting the cost of 1-Steiner heuristic algorithms with interconnection delay, our routing algorithms can route both single-source net and multi-source net which have all critical source-terminal pairs or one critical pair efficiently Our single-source net routing algorithm reduced the average maximum interconnection delay by up to 2.1% as compared with previous single-source routing algorithm, SERT, and 10.6% as compared with SERT-C. and Our multi-source net routing algorithm increased the average maximum interconnection delay by up to 2.7% as compared with MCMD A-tree, but outperforms it by up to average 1.4% when the signal net has only subset of critical node pairs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.337-348
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• 2012

This study investigated the characteristics of bifurcation and the instability due to the initial imperfection of the space truss, which is sensitive to the initial conditions, and the calculated buckling load by the analysis of Eigen-values and the determinant of tangential stiffness. A two-free nodes model, a star dome, and a three-ring dome model were selected as case studies in order to examine the unstable phenomenon due to the sensitivity to Eigen mode, and the influence of the rise-span ratio and the load parameter on the buckling load were analyzed. The sensitivity to the imperfection of the two-free nodes model changed the critical path after reaching the limit point through the bifurcation mode, and the buckling load level was reduced by the increase in the amount of imperfection. The two sensitive buckling patterns for the model can be explained by investigating the displaced position of the free node, and the asymmetric Eigen mode was a major influence on the unstable behavior due to the initial imperfection. The sensitive mode was similar to the in-extensional mechanism basis of the simplified model. Since the rise-span ratio was higher, the effect of local buckling is more prominent than the global buckling in the star dome, and bifurcation on the equilibrium path occurring as the value of the load parameter was higher. Additionally, the buckling load levels of the star dome and the three-ring model were about 50-70% and 80-90% of the limit point, respectively.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2011

At existing skin detection methods using skin color information defined based on the prior knowldege, threshold value to be used at the stage of dividing the backround and the skin region was decided on a subjective point of view through experiments. Also, threshold value was selected in a passive manner according to their background and illumination environments in these existing methods. These existing methods displayed a drawback in that their performance was fully influenced by the threshold value estimated through repetitive experiments. To overcome the drawback of existing methods, this paper propose a skin region detection method using a histogram approximation based on the mean shift algorithm. The proposed method is to divide the background region and the skin region by using the mean shift method at the histogram of the skin-map of the input image generated by the comparison of the similarity with the standard skin color at the CbCr color space and actively finding the maximum value converged by brightness level. Since the histogram has a form of discontinuous function accumulated according to the brightness value of the pixel, it gets approximated as a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) using the Bezier Curve method. Thus, the proposed method detects the skin region by using the mean shift method and actively finding the maximum value which eventually becomes the dividing point, not by using the manually selected threshold value unlike other existing methods. This method detects the skin region high performance effectively through experiments.