• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.262-273
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between the children who experienced nursing caries and the children who were caries-free in the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia and DMF rate and to analyse causal factors from questionnaires. Oral examination was performed on 101 children(nursing caries group-45, caries-free group-56)in the 1994 at first, later in 1999. Parents were asked to write questionnaires. As a cotrol group, 50 children were chosen randomly. The results obtained from this study were as follow: 1. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia of the children who experienced nursing caries was higher significantly than that of the all of the examined children (P<0.01). 2. DMF Tate of the children who experienced nursing caries was higher significantly than that of the children who were caries-free (P<0.01), and higher than that of the all of the examined children also(P<0.05). 3. The children who experienced nursing caries performed tooth brushing less frequently (P<0.05) and started tooth brushing later than the children who were caries-free (P<0.01). 4. The children who experienced nursing caries ate cariogenic food more frequently(P<0.05) and had higher preference(P<0.05) than the children who were caries free. 5. The children who experienced nursing caries showed lower frequency of periodic dental examination than the children who were caries-free or centre) group(P<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.258-267
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• 2014

Purpose: The current study was designed to investigate the relationship of dietary calcium and riboflavin and their main dietary source (milk and dairy products) with the risk of periodontitis using data from 2007 to 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Methods: A total of 1,690 adults aged ${\geq}40$ years were included. We used results of dental examination regarding all sextant information on probing depth of at least two index teeth, nutritional assessment by a single 24-hour dietary recall, and demographic and medical information. The periodontitis group was defined as those who had 3-4 points, and the normal group was defined as those who had 0 points of Community Periodontal Index at all locations of six examination sites using a probe. Results: Using multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for age, body mass index, energy intake, income, smoking, and alcohol drinking, we found an inverse relationship between consumption of dairy products and risk for periodontitis (OR: 0.465, 95% CI: 0.224-0.964) and between dietary riboflavin intake more than the estimated average requirements and risk for periodontitis (OR: 0.535, 95% CI: 0.300-0.954) in males. Conclusion: Adequate intake of milk dairy products and riboflavin may be recommended for prevention of periodontitis in the Korean male population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.214-225
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• 2005

The mountain village development program in Korea started in the mountain villages, the 45.9% of total land and one of the typical marginal region, from 1995 to achieve the equilibrium development of national land and the sustainable mountain development in Chapter 13 in Agenda 21, and it has been accelerated to increase the happiness and the quality of life of mountain community residents through the expansion by province and the improvement of related laws and regulations. This study has been aimed to analyze the response of main stakeholder's -mountain village residents and local government officials - on mountain villages development, and to provide the future plan as community development. The survey and interview data were collected from the mountain villages which already developed 59 villages and developing 15 villages in 2003. The mountain village development program has achieved the positive aspects as community development plan in the several fields, - the voluntary participation of residents, the establishment of self-support spirit as the democratic civilians, the development of base of income increasement, the creation of comfortable living environment, the equilibrium development with the other regions. Especially the mountain residents and local government officials both highly satisfy with the development of base of income increasement and the creation of comfortable living environment which are the main concerns to both stakeholder. However through the mountain development program, it is not satisfied to increase the maintenance of local community and the strengthening of traditional value of mountain villages. Also to improve the sustainable income improvement effects, it is necessary to develop the income items and technical extension which good for the each region. In the decentralization era, it is necessary for local government should have the more active and multilateral activities for these. With this, the introduction of methods which the mountain community people and the local government officials could co-participate in the mountain villages' development from the initial stages and the renovation of related local government organizations and the cooperatives will be much helpful to the substantiality of mountain development program. Also it is essential for the assistance of central government to establish the complex plan and the mountain villages network for all mountain area and the exchange of information, the education and training of mountain villages leader who are the core factor for the developed mountain villages maintenance, the composition of national mountain villages representatives. In case the development proposals which based on the interests of the main stakeholder's on mountain community could be positively accepted, then the possibility of the mountain village development as one of community development will be successfully improved in future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 1995

This study was conducted to compare the changes in the forest resources and the process of establishment and characteristics of the Forest Law in five Northeast Asian Countries, who share the Chinese culture as a common background. The effect of Forest Law on forest resources of each countries is also compared. This study shows that the forest management scheme and the modernistic forest law in the five Northeast Countries were influenced by Japan around the early 20th century. The Forest Laws of the five countries were reestablished after the end of World War II, and now the five countries have their own Forest Law. At present, the five countries are depending on the import of foreign timber for timber supply because of the shortage of domestic timber resources. The Forest Laws of the five countries have a lot of similarities reflecting same cultural background, whereas there are differences originated from social and economic discrepancies. Currently R.O.K. is worst in forest resources compared to the other countries. The Forest Law of R.O.K. has too many articles, which has little direct relationship with forest resources management. Therefore it is recommended to consolidate the law system in the field of forest and forestry in R.O.K. including the amendment of Forest Law directing to sustainable forest and maintaining the efficiency of forest resources management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2016

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to document the dietary behaviors, dietary changes, and health status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea. Methods: The survey included 92 female immigrants attending Korean language class at a multi-cultural family support center. General characteristics, health status, anthropometric data, dietary behaviors, and dietary changes were collected. Results: Mean age of subjects was 31.3 years, and home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.0%), China (26.0%), Philippines (12.0%), and others (12.0%). Frequently reported chronic diseases were digestive diseases (13.2%), anemia (12.1%), and neuropsychiatry disorder (8.9%). Seventeen percent of the subjects was obese ($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$). Dietary score by Mini Dietary Assessment was 3.45 out of 5 points. Dietary scores for dairy foods, meat/fish/egg/bean intake, meal regularity, and food variety were low, and those for fried foods and high fat meat intake were also low. Thirty-three percent of subjects answered that they have changed their diet and increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables after immigration. Length of residence in Korea was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Length of residence tends to be positively associated with dietary changes and obesity as well as inversely associated with disease prevalence. Conclusion: The study shows that length of residence is inversely related to disease prevalence. However, this association is thought to be due to the relatively short period of residence in Korea and thus the transitional phase to adapting to dietary practices. As the length of residence increases, disease patterns related to obesity are subject to change. Healthy dietary behaviors and adaptation to dietary practices in Korea in female marriage immigrants will not only benefit individuals but also their families and social structure. Therefore, varied, long-term, and target-specific studies on female marriage immigrants are highly needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.530-541
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of food allergy, food allergy knowledge, and perception on food allergen labelling along with management of substitute meals in school foodservice in elementary school students in Jeju, South Korea. Methods: Six elementary schools in Jeju-si were randomly selected, and the higher grade elementary school students (n=1,500), from fourth graders to sixth graders, were surveyed using a questionnaire in July 2014. A total of 1,000 responses were used for data analysis. Results: The percentage of students who had experienced food allergy was 16.7%; 26.4% had been diagnosed as having a food allergy by doctors. Milk, crabs, and shrimps were the most frequent allergenic foods with common symptoms including urticaria followed by itching, and vomiting. As the student's grade went up, the knowledge scores on food allergy showed a significant increase. Although students with and without food allergy experience had a similar level of knowledge on food allergy and perception on food allergen labelling, students with food allergy experience had a significantly lower level of healthy dietary practices. Last, only 20.4% of students with food allergies were offered substitute meals by school foodservices, and 30.8% of students received food allergy education. Conclusion: For prevention and management of food allergies in school foodservice, schools should provide an individualized substitute meal plan and food allergy education to students, parents, and teachers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1503-1511
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• 2002

Purpose : Although the short- and long-term outcomes of low birth weight(LBW) neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) survivors have been extensively studied, much less information is available for normal birth weight(NBW) infants(greater than 2,500 gm) who require NICU care. Methods : We retrospectively examined the neonatal hospitalizations and one year health status of 302 NBW and 131 LBW admissions to our NICU. Information on the neonatal hospitalization was obtained from a review of medical records. Postdischarge health status was collected by using telephone surveys and medical records. Results : After initial discharge, 21.2% of the NBW infants and 23% of the LBW infants required rehospitalization during the first year of life and there was no significant difference between the two groups. The reasons for rehospitalization of the NBW infants included respiratory disorders (32.1%), G-I problems(26.2%), genitourinary problems(11.9%), surgery(10.7%), cardiac problems(7.1%), and congenital/developmental problems(1.2%). For the LBW infants, the order of frequency was the same, with the percentages slightly different. Neonatal risk factors related to the rehospitalization of the NBW infants included mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, and congenital anomaly. But no positive significant correlation of neonatal risk factors with rehospitalization of LBW infants was found. Conclusion : Low and normal birthweight NICU survivors were rehospitalized at similar rates. The most common cause of rehospitalization was respiratory problems. Neonatal risk factors related to rehospitalization of NBW infants were mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, and congenital anomaly. However, no positive significant correlation of neonatal risk factors with rehospitalization of LBW infants was found. The data suggests that NBW infant survivors, as well as LBW infant NICU survivors, require close follow up.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2002

Purpose : We studied the prevalence of snoring and its association with diseases, obesity and environmental factors, as well as sleep disturbance arising from snoring, in school-aged children. Methods : The survey was performed by a special questionnaire on 1,707 children at elementary schools from 1 to 30 July 2001 in Gwangju City. The prevalence of snoring, associated factors, and sleep disturbance were evaluated. Results : 266(16.5%) of the children snored at least once a week. 73(4.3%) of the children snored almost every day. Regarding the associated factors of snoring : There was a statistically significant difference between snoring and nonsnoring groups due to gender, obesity, sinusitis, tonsillar hypertrophy, bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Of them, male gender, tonsillar hypertrophy, and obesity were significant risk factors for development of snoring. Especially, the odds ratio increased to 1.048(CI, 1.004-1.659), 1.748(CI, 1.175-2.599), and 2.266(CI, 1.300-3.950) in children with an obesity index of 20-29%, 30-49%, ${\geq}50%$, respectively. There was a statistically significant association of snoring with decreased sleep duration, sleep talking, and drowsiness during the day as a result of sleep disturbance. Conclusion : 16.5% of school-aged children snored at least once a week. The association of snoring with tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity and gender as risk factors was demonstrated in this study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2007

Purpose : Reduced growth and microvascular complications have been recognized as consequences of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We assessed the effect of T1DM on growth and factors associated with the development of microvascular complications. Methods : We conducted a retrospective longitudinal evaluation of 154 patients above 16 years of age. We analyzed factors which affect final height standard deviation scores (SDS) and development of microvascular complications. Results : Final height SDS was $-0.11{\pm}1.15$ ($-0.26{\pm}1.33$ in females, $0.04{\pm}0.91$ in males). Final height SDS was significantly lower than midparental height SDS and height SDS at diagnosis. There was no difference in final height SDS according to age at onset, existence or nonexistence of complications, or average $HbA_{1C}$. Height SDS at onset of puberty, midparental height SDS and pubertal growth gain affected final height SDS. The number of patients with complications was 37 (24 percent). Microvascular complications developed at a younger age and after longer duration of diabetes in patients with a prepubertal onset of T1DM compared to patients with pubertal onset. Patients with complications had a higher level of average $HbA_{1C}$ than patients without complications. Patients whose microalbuminuria regressed had lower levels of average $HbA_{1C}$, systolic BP, second 24h urine microalbumin than patients with persistant or progressed microalbuminuria. Conclusion : The results suggest that degrees of glycemic control don't affect final height, but various factors associated with T1DM can impair growth potential. Additionally, the degrees of glycemic control and puberty affect the development of microvascular complications.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2005

The purpose of this Study was to investigate the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis to the students from the elementary to the university in S city of Chung-Nam using 100 mm Mirror Camera radiation indirect examination units, with on age range of between eight and thirteen (1.526 subjects), fourteen and sixteen (462 subjects), seventeen and eighteen (291 subjects), nineteen and twenty four(508 subjects) and total of 2,787 participants with the 590 male subjects and 2,197 female subjects. The results of this study can be summarized and compared the primary examination with the secondary test of greater than $10^{\circ}$of Cobb's Angle were obtained as follows; 1. Indirect Examination were conducted to find idiopathic scoliosis amomg total 2.787 subjects, 257 subjects (9.2%) who showed positive sign greater than $10^{\circ}$in the Cobb's Angle ; below age of thirteen (132 subjects), between fourteen and sixteen (52 subjects), seventeen and eighteen (35 subjects), nineteen and twenty four (38 subjects). The $x^2-test$ analysis of Indirect Examination showed no statistical significant difference association between the age range and $10^{\circ}$Cobb's Angle of spinal curve(P>0.059). 2. The numbers of idiopathic scoliosis of greater than $10^{\circ}$Cobb's Angle of spinal curve in the primary examination were observed in 147 subjects (57.2%) at the Thoracolumbar region, 81subjects (31.5%) at the Thoracic region, 20 subjects (7.8%) at the Cervicothoracic region, 7 subjects (2.7%) at the Lumbar region, 2 subjects (0.8%) at the Cervical region. So, the large numbers were Thoracolumbar region, 183 participants (71.2%) showed the right side curve of scoliosis and 74 participant (28.8%) showed the left side curve of scoliosis. 3. The main region of the pain in one's own self more than $10^{\circ}$ Cobb's angle of spinal curve were no pain 219 subjects (85.2%), 18 subjects (7.0%) at the Lumbar region, 9 subjects (3.5%) at the Cervical region, 7 subjects (2.7%) at the Thoracic region, 2 subjects (0.7%) at the shoulder girdle region, 1 subjects (0.39%) at the pelvis and whole body region. There was statistical significant difference association between the Cobb's Angle of spinal curve and the main pain region of one's (P<0.006). This study may be significant to an early stage investigate of the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis in the juveniles using 100 mm Mirror Camera radiation indirect examination units. The results of this study help that the students in a stage on growth the basis of data early discovery and therapy of idiopathic scoliosis.