• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2010

The purpose of this article was to evaluate the effects of a new upper molar distalization system, the Frog Appliance, on dentofacial structures in a Class II, division 1 patient. An 11-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for orthodontic treatment. She had a mild skeletal Class II malocclusion with Class II molar and canine relationship on both sides. The treatment plan included distalization of the upper first molars bilaterally followed by full fixed appliance therapy. For the upper molar distalization, a new system, the Frog Appliance, was constructed and applied. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to evaluate the treatment results. Distalization of the upper first molars was achieved in four months successfully, and Class I molar relationship was obtained. Total treatment time was 16 months. According to the results of the cephalometric evaluation, a nearly bodily distal molar movement with a slight anchorage loss was attained. In conclusion, the Frog Appliance was found to be a simple, ef ective, non-invasive, and compliance-free intraoral distalization appliance for achieving bilateral molar distalization.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.61-74
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• 1998

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the stress distribution and tooth displacement at the initial phase produced by 5 types of molar uprighting springs using finite element method. The three dimensional finite element model of lower dentition, bone and springs was composed of 5083 elements and 2071 nodes. The results were as follows: 1. In case of helical spring and root spring, intrusion of lower canine and first premolar were observed md distal tipping, translation and extrusion of lower second molar were observed. 2. In case of T-loop, modified T-loop and box loop, intrusion and distal translation of lower second premolar were observed, and the largest crown distal tipping and translation of lower second molar were observed in T-loop and the smallest were observed in box loop. 3. In case of T-loop with cinch-bact crown distal tipping and translation of lower second molar were decreased, but extrusion was also decreased. 4. With increase of activation in T-loop, mesial translation and won distal tipping of lower second molar were increased and edentulous space was closing, but distal translation of second premolar was also increased. 5. With increase of tip-back bend in T--loop, distal tipping and translation of lower second molar were increased, but extrusion was also increased more largely.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.376-387
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the three dimensional changes of tooth movement using four different types of maxillary molar distalization appliances; pendulum appliance (PD), mini-implant supported pendulum appliance (MPD), stainless steel open coil spring (SP) and mini-implant supported stainless steel open coil spring (MSP). Methods: These experiments were performed using the Calorific $machine^{(R)}$ which can simulate dynamic tooth movement. Computed tomography (CT) images of the experimental model were taken before and after tooth movement in 1 mm thicknesses and reconstructed into a three dimensional model using V-works $4.0^{TM}$. These reconstructed images were superimposed using Rapidform $2004^{TM}$ and the direction and amount of tooth movement were measured. Results: The mean reciprocal anchor loss ratio at the first premolar was 17 - 19% for the PD and SP groups. The appliances using mini-implants (MPD or MSP) resulted in less anchorage loss (7 - 8%). On application of a pendulum appliance or MPD, distalization was obtained by tipping rather than by bodily movement. Furthermore, the maxillary second molar tipped distally and bucally. But on application of MSP, distalization was achieved almost by bodily movement. Conclusions: Regarding tooth movement patterns during molar distalization, stainless steel open coil spring with indirect skeletal anchorage was relatively superior to other methods.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2010

The treatment of Class II non-extraction cases, especially when premolar space is lost due to premature loss of the deciduous molars, usually requires distal movement of the maxillary molars. The Jones jig appliance is a non-compliant intraoral appliance and is effective for the distalization of the maxillary molars. It has unfavorable side-effects, however, so caution is needed to adjust the appliance and select appropriate cases. We reported four cases in which maxillary molar distalizations were concomitant with the alignment of palatally erupted premolars.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.3 s.104
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• pp.269-277
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• 2004

A modified removable appliance for molar distalization called C-activator was used in a 10-year old male patient with a Class II anterior deep bite malocclusion with upper arch discrepancy. The treatment plan involved correcting the Class ll relationship, distalizing both upper first molars, and regaining space for the erupting canines. The C-activator, which was used for 6 months, consisted of a labial framework formed from .036-in stainless steel wire and an acrylic monobloc. Both the closed helices of the labial framework were compressed for reactivation during the C-activator treatment period. C-activator mechanics simultaneously achieved distalization of the upper first molars into their proper positions and repositioning of the mandible. After 21 months of treatment, the correct oberbite and overjet was obtained and contributed to an Improvement in facial balance. The treatment results were stable 6 months after debonding. Fabrication and placement of the new appliance and clinical procedures are detailed, and the treatment sequence and results of this case are presented as follows.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.523-531
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• 2008

Maxillary molar distalization is a treatment approach for patients with Class II malocclusions who do not require extractions and mesial movements of mandibular molars. The pendulum appliance is effective for distalization of the maxillary molars and independent of patient cooperation. This appliance can stabilize the maxillary premolars and use the palatal rugae area as an additional anchorage. However, caution is needed to control collateral effects, including increase of lower facial height, incisor protrusion and damage to the rugae area. This article reports the cases in which maxillary molar distalization achieved by pendulum appliance resolves the space problems and corrects the molar relationships.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.464-474
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• 2009

To distalize the maxillary molars, the traditional techniques such as extra-oral traction, Wilson distalizing arches, removable spring appliances and Schwarz plate-type appliances have been used. But, these need considerable patient cooperation. For minimal patient compliance, many practitioners use the pendulum appliances. Several clinical studies demonstrated pendulum is effective molar distalization appliance in the growing patient(using the premolars and the palate as anchorage). But unfortunately, maxillary anterior teeth also shift mesially as the molar moves distally. As a result anchorage loss is occurred. To overcome these disadvantages, we used bone-supported pendulum, combined the conventional pendulum with Skeletal Anchorage System(SAS). The miniscrew was implanted in the anterior paramedian region of the median palatal suture, which has comparatively sufficient bone thickness and is low risk to damage on the dental follicles. We report three cases, using bone-supported pendulum for the maxillary molar distalization in children. After treatment, we find out anchorage stability, minimal unfavorable anterior tooth movement and sufficient molar distalization.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.488-495
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• 2001

Treatment of class II malocclusions require distalization of maxillary molars into class I relationship. Intraarch distal molar movement techniques have recently assumed an important role in young patients. In this study, the dental and skeletal effects of the pendulum appliance were evaluated by means of cephalometric radiographs. The samples were consisted of 19 patients: 11 females and 8 males, mean age $11.68{\pm}1.52$ years. Measurements were obtained from cephalometric prior to and the day of removal of the pendulum appliance. Treatment changes were analyzed. The following results were obtain. 1. The pendulum appliance produced $2.94{\pm}1.54mm$ distal molar movement with a mean intrusion of $1.17{\pm}0.97mm$, mean period $18.13{\pm}7.95$ weeks. 2. The anchor tooth was $1.34{\pm}1.40mm$ forward movement and $0.48{\pm}0.99mm$ extrusion, and labial tilting of incisors. 3. The angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane increased significantly. 4. There was no significant difference in according to 2nd molar position. 5. Total movement was consisted of 74% distal movement of 1st molar and 26% forward movement of the anchor tooth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.5 s.106
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• pp.465-472
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• 2004

Tooth movement facilitated by corticotomy and distraction osteogenesis, a new paradigm in orthodontics, was discussed. Molar uprighting was thought to be either difficult or nearly impossible. In this study, a section of cortical bone, which may act as resistance to tooth movement in alveolar bone, was removed. Active bone deposition was also made possible in the tension side This forms the main concept of tooth movement facilitated by corticotomy and distraction osteogenesis. Molars in two cases were uprighted at such a speedy rate as we could not imagine in conventional tooth movement. which lead to reduction of the total treatment period. And molar uprighting was possible without side effects. for example, supraversion oif the tooth or anterior anchorage loss. These were the superior aspects to conventional orthodontics.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.35 no.1 s.332
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• pp.8-10
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• 1997