• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.457-467
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• 2003

Soil Precise Investigation(SPI) for river deposits and farmland soils around Goro abandoned Zn-mine, Korea was performed to assess the pollution level of heavy metals(As. Pb, Cd, Cu) and to estimate the remediation volume for contaminated soils. Total investigation area was about 950000 $m^2$, which was divided into each section of 1500 $m^2$ corresponding to one sampling site and 545 samples for surface soil(0-10cm in depth) and 192 samples for deep soil(10-30cm in depth) from the investigation area were collected for analysis. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb at all sample sites were shown to be lower than Soil Pollution Warning Limit(SPWL). For arsenic concentration, in surface soils, 20.5% of sample sites(104 sites) were over SPWL(6mg/kg) and 6.7%(34 sites) were over Soil Pollution Counterplan Limit(SPCL: 15mg/kg) suggesting that surface soils were broadly contaminated by As. For deep soils, 10.4% of sample sites(18 sites) were over SPWL and 0.6%(1 site) were over SPCL. Four pollution grades for sample locations were prescribed by the Law of Soil Environmental Preservation and Pollution Index(PI) for each soil sample was decided according to pollution grades(over 15.0 mg/kg, 6.00-15.00 mg/kg, 2.40-6.00 mg/kg, 1.23-6.00 mg/kg). The pollution contour map around Goro mine based on PI results was finally created to calculate the contaminated area and the remediation volume for contaminated soils. Remediation area with over SPWL concentration was about 0.3% of total area between Goro mine and a projected storage dam and 0.9% of total area was over 40% of SPWL. If the remediation target concentration was determined to over background level concentration, 1.1% of total area should be treated for remediation. Total soil volume to be treated for remediation was estimated on the assumption that the thickness of contaminated soil was 30cm. Soil volume to be remediated based on the excess of SPWL was estimated at 79,200$m^3$, soil volume exceeding 40% of SPWL was about 233,700 $m^3$, and soil volume exceeding the background level(1.23 mg/kg) was 290,760 TEX>$m^3$.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.4B
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

In this study, soil environmental impact assessment using risk-based approach was compared with that using concentration-based approach. For this, heavy metal contaminant exposure was characterized in an abandoned mine area. According to the estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, soil ingestion was identified as the most dominant exposure pathway. When contaminant concentrations exceeded the Korean Soil Contamination Warning Standards, their corresponding risk values also exceeded the Total Soil Risk Standard. Even the cases of satisfying the Korean Soil Contamination Warning Standards mostly showed higher risk levels than the Total Soil Risk Standard, re-confirming a more sensitivity of the risk-based assessment than concentration-based assessment. However, the in-depth analysis of the estimated non-carcinogenic risk values revealed a few cases for soil contact pathway showing contaminant concentrations higher than the Korean Soil Contamination Warning Standards although their non-carcinogenic risk values satisfied the level of Hazard Index Standard. The findings from this study support a necessity of shifting policy paradigm from concentration-based approach into risk-based approach for reliable risk assessment in abandoned mine areas, and also suggest a necessity of further fundamental studies regarding risk factors and standards.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2004

비소로 오염된 폐광산 하류부의 하천퇴적 토양과 밭 토양에 대한 연속추출법 적용 결과, 토양과 비소의 결합력이 약하여 쉽게 용출이 가능한 비소가 각각 39.5%, 33.8%로 비교적 높은 비율을 차지하고 있었으며, crystalline minerals에 존재하는 비소도 각각 52.6%, 62.3%의 큰 비중으로 존재하였다. 수산화나트륨을 최적 농도인 200mM과 6시간의 운전조건으로 각기 다른 진탕비(1:3, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20. 1:30)에서 연속 토양세척실험을 한 결과, 최적 진탕비는 2가지 토양에 대하여 모두 1:5가 적합하였다. 하천퇴적 토양은 1단계 세척후의 농도가 약 3mg/kg으로 토양환경보전법 가지역의 우려기준(6mg/kg) 이하였으며 2단계 세척시 1mg/kg까지 떨어졌다. 밭 토양의 경우에는 3단계 세척시 나지역 우려기준에 해당되는 20mg/kg보다 낮은 농도를 보였으며, 5단계 세척시에는 가지역 우려기준에 근접한 약 8mg/kg까지 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.264-267
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• 2005

플럭 형성 비소 오염토양에 대한 토양세척기법의 적용성 실험결과, 세척용액 100 mM과 500 mM의 농도에서 대상 토양에 대한 비소 용출량은 수산화나트륨이 염산보다 높은 효율을 보였으며, 농도 1000 mM의 경우에는 염산이 비교적 우세한 세척효율을 보였다. 토양오염공정시험법에 의한 세척후 토양내 잔류비소 농도의 경우, 염산이 수산화나트륨과 비슷하거나 다소 우세함을 알 수 있었다. 세척 대상 토양의 Cut-off size limit을 선정하여 토양세척시 생성되는 플럭을 제거하지 않고 반복 세척한 결과, 수산화나트륨의 농도 200 mM은 1000 mM에 비하여 잔류된 비소량이 비슷하거나 비교적 높았으며, 2가지 농도에 대하여 총 5회 반복 세척한 토양의 비소 농도는 토양환경보전법의 가지역 우려기준 농도인 6 mg/kg에 근접한 결과를 보였으나, 염산의 경우 총 5회 세척시 비소의 농도가 약 9 mg/kg으로 비소 잔류량이 보다 큼을 알 수 있었다. 플럭을 제거한 후 반복 세척시 수산화나트륨의 농도 1000 mM이 200 mM에 비하여 토양 세척효율이 증가하였으며, 1000 mM로 5회 세척시 잔류비소 농도가 가지역 우려기준 농도에 근접한 약 6.7 mg/kg이었고 염산을 이용하여 세척한 경우에는 3회 세척시 약 6.7 mg/kg 4, 5회 반복 세척시 각각 약 3.9, 3.3 mg/kg으로 가지역 우려기준에 적합한 농도조건이 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.346-349
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• 2003

광산 및 폐광산으로부터의 오염 및 유해영향에 대한 보고와 관심이 대두되면서 휴ㆍ폐광산에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 경북 군위군의 고로 폐광산 주변 중 광미 및 광폐석으로 오염된 것으로 생각되어지는 하천 및 농경지에 대한 오염 정도와 분포를 규명하기 위하여 토양정밀조사를 실시하였다. 토양 오염 정밀조사 지침에 따라 총 741개의 토양 시료 분석 결과 Cu, Cd, Pb은 토양오염 우려 기준에 훨씬 미치지 못하였지만 As는 표토 및 심토 구간(0-30cm)에서 토양 오염 우려 기준 농도를 상당 수 초과하여 하천 및 농경지의 복원이 필수적임을 알 수 있었다. 합리적인 복원물량을 산출하기 위하여 배경치 농도(1.23mg/kg), 토양오염우려기준 40%농도(2.4mg/kg), 토양오염우려기준농도(6mg/kg), 토양오염대책기준농도(15mg/kg)별로 오염 등급을 나누어 오염 지도를 작성하고 각 등급별 복원목표에 따라 복원이 필요한 면적과 복원대상물량을 산출하였다. 본 연구는 오염토양의 복원을 목적으로 국내에서 최초로 실시된 대규모의 토양정밀조사라는 점에서 의미가 있으며, 이 결과는 실제 고로 폐광산지역의 복원 사업설계에 중요한 자료로 사용될 수 있다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.393-402
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• 2006

The contamination characteristics of BTEX and TPH components in silty soils with the oil leakage event from point source were studied. The over ratios of three soil pollution standard for TPH component were $1.5{\sim}1.7$ times higher than that of BTEX component. The mean and maximum values of BTEX and TPH components with sample points were B-zone > A-zone > C-zone, and the highest concentrations were measured at $1{\sim}2m$ depth below surface. BTEX and TPH components were increased with linear distance in zone within 120 m and 80 m from point source. For the zone more than 120 m, BTEX and TPH concentrations were under soil pollution standard. The cutoff values of indicator kriging using BTEX and TPH components were defined as confirmative limit, warn- ing limit and counterplan limit. The variograms of indicator-transformed data were selected linear model. The contamination ranges of BTEX and TPH components using confirmative limit and warning limit were estimated similar, but the contamination range of those using counterplan limit was much reduced. The maximum contamination probabilities were estimated by probability maps usinB confirmative limit, warning limit and counterplan limit. The maximum contamination probabilities with three soil pollution standard were estimated 26%, 26% and 13% for BTEX component, and 44%, 38% and 26% for TPH component.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to find out distribution of heavy metal contents in the soils of Hanam city and to provide base-line data towards development of an eco-city Hanam. One hundred surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were collected from rice paddy field, cultivated upland, forest, riverside and other areas. The samples were air-dried, sieved to pass through 2 mm sieves, followed by analyses for As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by the standard method set by the ministry of environment. All the average heavy metal contents were close to background level and were much lower than concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea. However, some individual heavy metal contents were higher than the action level. Since natural environment including soil environment of Hanam city is being destroyed rapidly and the number of the sampling points allocated to Hanam city based on the soil contamination monitoring network of the ministry of environment is only 6, an in-depth soil survey for contamination of Hanam city is highly recommended.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 1999

To assess the soil quality of Chonan City, soil analyses were conducted according to the 14 different sampling sites. The soil pH of the agricultural area near the expressway was lower than that of the other farming area, which indicated that this acidification was probably attributed to the acid rain caused by the traffic exhaust gas such as SOx and NOx. Acidification was more severe in the dry farming area than in the rice paddy area. All concentration of 6 different heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, Hg, Pb) and organic contaminants (cyanide, organic-p, PCBs, phenols) were found to be lower than the standard of soil pollution. The concentration of BTEX also lower than the standard of soil pollution. An assessment using the SPI (Soil Pollution Index). which was developed to estimate an overall soil quality, was performed. Each SPC (Soil Pollution Score) were evaluated with the results of the data from this study. The soil quality of most area of Chonan City was determined to Class 1 , which indicated that the soil was healthy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 BTEX 및 TPH로 오염된 토양층의 오염범위 추정을 위해 지시변환된 자료에 의한 확률도를 작성하였다. 지시변환 시 제한값은 토양오염 확인기준, 우려기준 및 대책기준이 적용되었다. 지시변환된 자료의 베리오그램 분석을 통해 선정된 가우시안모델을 적용하여 크리깅이 수행되었다. 지시크리깅에 의해 토양오염기준별로 작성된 확률도를 분석하여 BTEX 및 TPH 성분으로 오염된 토양층의 공간적인 오염확률이 추정되었으며, 확률에 따른 오염범위를 비교 분석하였다.

• Agrochemical news magazine
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• v.14 no.5 s.116
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• pp.28-31
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• 1993