• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.47.2-47.2
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• 2011

광전환 효율 20% (AM1.5G) 이상의 고효율 화합물 박막태양전지의 광흡수층으로 많은 관심을 받고 있는 $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ (CIGS) 태양전지의 광흡수층은 다양한 공정에 의해 제조가 가능하다. 현재 고효율 CIGS 셀 생성을 위해 널리 사용되고 있는 CIGS 흡수층 성장공정은 "co-evaporation (동시증발법)"과 2-step 공정이라 불리는 "precursorselenization(전구체-셀렌화)" 방법이다. 동시증발법은 개별원소 Cu, In, Ga, Se들을 고진공 분위기에서 고온(550~600$^{\circ}C$) 기판위에 증착하는 방법으로 소면적에서 가장 좋은 효율(~20%)을 보이는 공정이다. 하지만, 고온, 고진공 공정조건과 대면적 증착시 온도 및 조성 불균일 등의 문제점 등으로 상용화에 어려움이 있다. 전구체-셀렌화 공정은 1단계에서 다양한 방식(예: 스퍼터링, 전기도금, 프린팅 등) 방식으로 CuGaIn 전구체를 증착하고, 2단계에서 고온(550~600$^{\circ}C$)하에 H2Se gas 혹은 Se vapor와 반응시켜 CIGS를 생성한다. 일본의 Showa Shell와 Honda Soltec 등에 의해 이미 상업화 되었듯이, 저비용 대면적으로 상업화 가능성이 높은 공정으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만, 2단계에서 사용되는 H2Se 및 Se vapor의 유독성, 기상 Se과 금속전구체 간의 느린 셀렌화 반응속도, 셀렌화반응 후 생성된 CIGS 박막 두께방향으로의 Ga 불균일 분포, 생성된 CIGS/Mo 계면 접착력 저하 등의 문제점들이 개선, 해결되어야만 상업화에 성공할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 Se layer가 코팅된 금속전구체의 셀렌화 반응메카니즘을 in-situ high-temperature XRD를 이용하여 연구하였다. 금속전구체는 스퍼터링, 스프레이 등 다양한 방법으로 제조되었고, 반응메카니즘 연구결과를 바탕으로 Se 코팅된 금속전구체를 이용한 급속열처리 공정의 최적화를 시도하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2334-2339
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• 2008

This paper proposes an improved mathematical model for predicting the frosting behavior on a two-dimensional fin considering the heat conduction of heat exchanger fins under frosting conditions. The model consists of laminar flow equation in airflow, diffusion equation of water vapor for frost layer, and heat conduction equation in fin, and these are coupled together. In this model, the change in three-dimensional airside airflow caused by frost growth is accounted for. The fin surface temperature increased toward the fin tip due to the fin heat conduction. On the contrary, the temperature gradient in the airflow direction(x-dir.) is small throughout the entire fin. The frost thickness in the direction perpendicular to airflow, i.e. z-dir., decreases exponentially toward the fin tip due to non-uniform temperature distribution. The rate of decrease of heat transfer in the airflow direction is high compared to that in the z-direction due to more decrease in the sensible and latent heat rate in x-direction.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.629-635
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• 2009

In this study, fin surface temperature and frost properties, i.e., frost thickness and frost surface temperature on a heat exchanger, were experimentally analyzed with different fin thicknesses, fin sizes and thermal conductivities of fin. As a result, it is found that fin thickness and thermal conductivity of fin should be considered in order to design an efficient heat exchanger fin. Correlations of dimensionless average frost properties were proposed as functions of dimensionless air temperature, dimensionless fin base temperature, dimensionless fin thickness, absolute air humidity, Reynolds number and Fourier number. The correlations predicted well the average frost thickness with a maximum error of 10.5% and frost surface temperature with a maximum difference of $0.89^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.256-261
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• 2008

In this study, frost behavior on two dimensional fins of a heat exchanger was experimentally investigated. Temperature distribution on a 2-D fin surface and frost properties were measured in the directions perpendicular to and parallel to airflow. The results indicated that the temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular to airflow was large because of fin heat conduction, while that in the direction parallel to airflow was very small. Frost thickness in the airflow direction decreased from the leading edge towards the trailing edge of the fin due to leading edge effect. The reduction rate of frost thickness in the airflow direction, however, was very small compared with that in the direction perpendicular to the airflow, as affected by the temperature distribution.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.952-958
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• 1988

To analyze the nonflatness and residual stress in accelerated cooled plate, a numerical analysis model has been developed. Two factors, i.e. temperature and phase transformation, are considered in calculating the stress distribution that develops during cooling. The plastic strain and plate-buckling, which are often shown in accelerated cooled plate, were determined from this stress. Mean temperature in through thickness direction and temperature difference in width direction are considered in the model to simplify the calculation. The temperature and stress distribution changes caused by phase transformation are involved in terms of the effective specific heat and the effective thermal expansion coefficient. With the model, accelerated cooling of 10mm(t) $^{*}$3000mm(w) plate was simulated. The condition of accelerated cooling was .deg. C/sec from just after hot rolling to 500.deg. C. The initial temperature-difference ratio, .DELTA.Tr, in width direction is an important factor in evaluating the stress distribution. When .DELTA.Tr is 0.08, buckling occurs during cooling and 7kgf/m $m^{2}$ of residual stress develops at the edge of plate. To secure the flatness, .DELTA.Tr should be less than 0.07. Small scaled cooling test was conducted to verify the exactness of the model and the results proved the usefulness of this numerical analysis model.l.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.94-101
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose design of hardware based on a high speed digital signal processor (DSP) and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) for real-time suppression of fixed pattern noise (FPN) using hardware neural networks (HNN) in cooled infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) imaging system FPN appears a limited operation by temperature in observable images which applies to non-uniformity correction for infrared detector. These have very important problems because it happen serious problem for other applications as well as degradation for image quality in our system Signal processing architecture for our system operates reference gain and offset values using three tables for low, normal, and high temperatures. Proposed method creates virtual tables to separate for overlapping region in three offset tables. We also choose an optimum tenn of temperature which controls weighted values of HNN using mean values of pixels in three regions. This operates gain and offset tables for low, normal, and high temperatures from mean values of pixels and it recursively don't have to do an offset compensation in operation of our system Based on experimental results, proposed method showed improved quality of image which suppressed FPN by change of temperature distribution from an observational image in real-time system.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 1999

In this study, polyetherimide with pellet state was sulfonated with a chlorosulfonic acid. The volume ratio of carbon tetrachloride (CCI$_4$/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was 5/1. Therefore, sulfonated polyetherimide of anionic charge and more hydrophilicity were produced. The optimum reaction conditions of sulfonation were that PES/CSA mole ratio was I/I, temperature were lO$^{\circ}$ and reaction time were 3hr. SPEls having ion capacity in the range of 0.2-1.2meq/mg were synthesized. Through FT-IR, sulfonic acid peak was shown at 1020cm$^{-1}$ and 1170cm$^{-1}$ Polymer dispersity index was broad and we confirmed that PEl was hydrophilzed in the measure of contact angle.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.636-645
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the adsorption characteristics of methyl orange (MO), an anionic dye, on ginkgo shell-based activated carbon (AC). For this purpose, ACs (GS-1, GS-2, and GS-4) with different textural properties were prepared using ginkgo shells and potassium hydroxide (KOH), a representative chemical activating agent. The correlation between the textural characteristics of AC prepared and the mixing ratio of KOH was investigated using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The MO adsorption equilibrium experiment on the prepared ACs was conducted under different pH (pH 3~11) and temperature (298~318 K) conditions, and the results were investigated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and temperature-dependent Sips equations. The feasibility of the MO adsorption treatment process of the prepared AC was also investigated using the dimensionless Langmuir separation factor. The heterogeneous adsorption properties of MO for the prepared AC examined using the adsorption energy distribution function (AED) were closely related to the system temperature and textural characteristics of AC. The kinetic results of the batch adsorption performed at different temperatures can be satisfactorily explained by the homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM), which takes into account the external mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and active site adsorption. The relationship between the activation energy value obtained by the Arrhenius plot and the adsorption energy distribution function value was also investigated. In addition, the adsorption process mechanism of MO on the prepared AC was evaluated using Biot number.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2010

Chalcopyrite $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$ (CIGS) 화합물 반도체는 고효율 박막태양전지의 광 흡수층으로 사용되는 물질 중 가장 우수한 효율 (19.9%, NREL 2008)을 보유하고 있다. CIGS는 직접천이형 에너지밴드갭 (direct bandgap)을 가지고 있고, 광흡수계수가 $1{\times}10^5\;cm^{-1}$로서 반도체 중 서 가장 흡수율이 높은 재료에 속하여 두께 $1{\sim}2\;{\mu}m$의 박막으로도 고효율의 태양전지 제조가 가능하고, 또한 장기적으로 전기광학적 안정성이 매우 우수한 특성을 지니고 있다. 현재 고효율 CIGS 셀생성을 위해 널리 사용되고 있는 CIGS 흡수층 성장공정은 "co-evaporation(동시증발법)"과 2-step 공정이라 불리는 "sputter-selenization(스퍼터-셀렌화)" 방법이다. 동시증발법은 개별원소 Cu, In, Ga, Se 들을 고진공 분위기에서 고온 ($550{\sim}600^{\circ}C$)기판위에 증착하는 방법으로 소면적에서 가장 좋은 효율(~20%)을 보이는 공정이다. 하지만, 고온, 고진공 공정조건과 대면적 증착시 온도 및 조성 불균일 등의 문제점 등으로 상용화에 어려움이 있다. 스퍼터-셀렌화 공정은 1단계에서 스퍼터링 방식으로 CuGaIn 전구체를 증착하고, 2단계에서 고온($550{\sim}600^{\circ}C$)하에 $H_2Se$ 혹은 Se vapor와 반응시켜 CIGS를 생성한다. 일본의 Showa Shell와 Honda Soltec 등에 의해 이미 상업화 되었듯이, 저비용 대면적으로 상업화 가능성이 높은 공정으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만, 2단계에서 사용되는 $H_2Se$ 및 Se vapor의 유독성, 기상 Se과 금속전구체 간의 느린 셀렌화 반응속도, 셀렌화반응 후 생성된 CIGS 박막 두께방향으로의 Ga 불균일분포, 생성된 CIGS/Mo 계면 접착력 저하등의 문제점들이 해결되어야만 상업화에 성공할 수 있을 것이다. 본 Tutorial에서는 CIGS 물질의 열역학 상평형과 반응메카니즘에 대해 설명하고, 다양한 생성 공정들을 소개할 것이다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2017

Welding deformation is a permanent deformation that is caused in structures by welding heat. Welding distortion is the primary cause of reduced productivity, due to welded structural strength degradation, low dimensional accuracy, and appearance. As a result, research and numerous experiments are being carried out to control welding deformation. The aim of this study is to analyze the mechanism of longitudinal bending deformation due to welding. Welding experiments and numerical analyses were performed for this study. The welding experiments were performed on 4 mm and 8.5 mm thickness steel plates, and the numerical analysis was conducted on the welding deformation using the FE software MSC.marc.