• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted at Sancheong from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the seeding rate, and to clarify the optimum nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in the southern area of Korea. We employed Korean rye cultivar 'Gogu' in this test. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replications. A split-plot design was used with three seeding levels (3, 5, and 7 kg 10 a^-1) on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg 10 a^-1). The grain yields of rye affected by increasing the seeding rate. The number of spike per m² and immature grain weight was increasing, while the fertility rate and the number of grain per spike were decreased as seeding rate were increased from 3 kg 10 a^-1 to 7 kg 10 a^-1. The percentage of a productive tiller, 1-liter weight, and 1000-grain weight also decrease by increasing seeding but the grain yields of rye had less effect. There was an increase in the number of spike per m², the number of grain per spike, and grain yields as nitrogen fertilizer level was increased from 0 kg 10 a^-1 to 9 kg 10 a^-1 and followed a delaying heading and an increasing lodging of the plant. But grain yields did not affected by the interaction of seeding rate × nitrogen fertilizer levels. The best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and 3 kg 10 a^-1, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.35
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• pp.109-145
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• 2020

Jeungsan, Kang Il-Sun (hereafter, Jeungsan)'s perspective on divine beings can be characterized by the philosophical notion of divinity, which recognizes a variety of divine entities. Jeungsan insisted that all things embrace divine entities. Furthermore, he claimed that the backgrounds of all incidents were influenced by these gods. Jeungsan thought that the universe consists of the heavenly realm, the earthly realm and the underground realm. He insisted that there were many gods in each realm. And Jeungsan defined his times as the era of divine beings, which meant that the age was a time for divine beings to actively interact with one another and take the lead in world affairs. Divine beings were briskly involved in human affairs and could either reciprocate gratitude or attain revenge. They were also divine beings that could change the acts and perception of humans as well as judge human acts. However, Jeungsan predicted that by the time the paradisiacal land of immortals was established in the Later World, divine beings would instead run errands for humans. In addition, he forecast that divine beings would be entities likely to harbor grievances just like humans, yet they would ultimately become perfected beings in the Later World. Jeungsan further suggested a multitude of various concepts such as the mutual relationship wherein the realm of divine beings and the realm of humanity interrelate with each other, the mutual responses and functions between them, mutual itineration, co-existence, and the homogeneity of divine beings and humans, which described how both have the same innate characteristics. Jeungsan proposed the concept that 'Divinity is an existential state experienced after one's death." In this regard, he is the one who formulated a new perspective of divinity. Moreover, Jeunsan stressed the immortality of humans (continuity or eternality) and the co-existence of divine beings and humans. He emphasized that divinity is intrinsically immanent and the realm of divine beings has a hierarchical system that maintains order and is akin to that of the human realm. Jeungsan recognized a revolutionary change and perspective based on humanity by suggesting a unique view of humanity. In other words, he was a religious figure who introduced an ingenious view of divinity and dramatically transformed this pattern of reasoning. In conclusion, Jeungsan re-interpreted traditional views of divinity in Korea and systemized them into a new concept of divinity in an ingenious way.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to the purpose of evaluating the effect of feeding on Korean Native Cattle to expand the production and utilization of whole crop rice (WCR). TMR (Total mixed ration) feed was prepared by using WCR produced in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, and the growth capacity and meat quality characteristics of 16 Korean Native Cattle raised up to 29 months of age were investigated. The produced WCR silage for feed had a moisture content of 64.02% and a crude protein content of 7.54%, and was blended with about 45% during the growing season, and lowered to 35, 15 and 9%, respectively, in the fattening period (early, middle and late stages). The body weight of the WCR-TMR feeding group was significantly higher than that of the control in the middle and late fattening stage, and at the end (29 months of age), the control group was 631 kg/head, but the WCR-TMR feeding group was 647 kg/head, which was higher. The average daily gain was significantly higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group in the growing and early fattening period, and there was no difference in the mid- and late fattening period. In the whole period, 0.71 vs 0.75 kg/head/day, WCR-TMR feeding group was high. In terms of meat quantity, the back fat thickness of the control group (11.7 mm) was significantly thicker than that of the WCR-TMR fed group (9.3 mm) (P<0.05). There was no difference in Rib eye area, Carcass weight and Meat yield index (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the Marbling score was higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in Meat color, Fat color, Texture and Maturity. Considering the above results, TMR feeding mainly on whole crop rice silage for feed improved the productivity of livestock, but there was no significant difference in meat quality. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to produce and use the whole crop rice for feed in countries with poor forage conditions.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-241
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• 2021

This study intended to present strategies and implications for attracting new students and customized education to university officials through research on the participation of workers' academic aspirations in university education. Thus, variables were derived by analyzing prior data, and causal settings between variables and questionnaires were developed. Subject to the survey, 331 workers interested in participating in university education were collected through interpersonal interviews. The collected data were dataized, and reliability and feasibility verification and frequency analysis were conducted. Finally, we validate the fit of the structural equation model and the causal relationship for each concept. Therefore, the results of the validation show the following implications. First, university officials should be motivated by a mentor and mentee system with experienced people who have switched to a suitable vocational group through university education. It will also be necessary to develop and disseminate programs so that they can continue to develop themselves for the future. To this end, it will be necessary to help them understand their aptitude and strengths through consultation with experts. Second, university officials should strengthen public relations so that prospective students can know the cases and information of the job transformation of the admitted workers through recommendations. It will also be necessary to develop university education programs that can self-develop, accept various ideas through "public contest", and provide accurate information about university education to workers through re-processing. Third, university officials should provide workers with a program that allows them to catch two rabbits: job transformation and self-improvement through university education. In other words, it is necessary to stimulate the motivation of workers by providing various information such as visiting advanced overseas companies, obtaining various certificates, moving between departments of blue-collar and white-collar, and transfer opportunities. Fourth, university officials should actively promote university education programs related to this by participating in university education and receiving systematic education and the flow of social environment. Finally, university officials will need to consult and promote workers so that they can self-develop when they participate in college education, and they will have to figure out what they need for self-development through demand surveys and analysis.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.279-287
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• 2020

This study aims to put forth an efficient way of improving body shapes by examining the effects of deep tissue massage and illite-combined deep tissue massage on body shape changes, and identifying body shape changes when applying each method. This study targeted twenty women in their thirties, and ten separate subjects were placed in different groups. Then deep tissue massage and illite-combined deep tissue massage were performed once a week, for a total of eight weeks. Moire Topography was applied before the experiments, four weeks later and eight weeks later to compare changes in spinous process inclination, shoulders and hips. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS v. 21.0, and the study results are as follows. In relation to general characteristics of the subjects, professionals occupied the highest proportion of them, and 90% of them were married. Here, 77.8% of them had experience in giving birth, and 78.6% of them chose natural birth. In addition, 57.1% of the subjects holding a majority had two children. When measuring spinous process inclination, shoulders and hips in the illite-combined deep tissue massage group and in the deep tissue massage group before the experiments, the illite-combined deep tissue massage group showed somewhat higher values in every area than the deep tissue massage group, but no statistically significant differences were not found, which means the homogeneity existed between them. When comparing body shape changes between the two massage methods, there were significant differences(p<.05, p<.01), because the illite-combined deep tissue massage group showed a much higher decline in spinous process inclination, shoulders and hips than the deep tissue massage group. This implies illite-combined deep tissue massage was more effective in improving body shapes than deep tissue massage. Therefore, illite-combined deep tissue massage is considered to be helpful in improving body shapes, and it is anticipated that this massage method can be used in relevant fields, including the skin care industry.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2022

Plant growth and development are also affected by root-zone environment. Therefore, it is important to consider the variables of the root-zone environment when establishing an irrigation strategy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the volumetric moisture content (VWC), Bulk EC (ECb), and Pore EC (ECp) used by plant roots using FDR sensors in two types of rockwool media with different water transmission characteristics, using the method above this was used to establish a method for collecting and correcting available root-zone environmental data. For the experiment, two types of rockwool medium (RW1, RW2) with different physical characteristics were used. The moisture content (MC) and ECb were measured using an FDR sensor, ECp was measured after extracting the residual nutrient solution from the medium using a disposable syringe in the center of the medium at a volumetric moisture content (VWC) of 10-100%. Then, ECb and ECp are measured by supplying nutrient solution having different concentration (distilled water, 0.5-5.0) to two types of media (RW1, RW2) in each volume water content range (0 to 100%). The relationship between ECb and ECp in RW1 and RW2 media is best suited for cubic polynomial. The relationship between ECb and ECp according to volume moisture content (VWC) range showed a large error rate in the low volume moisture content (VWC) range of 10-60%. The correlation between the sensor measured value (ECb) and the ECp used by plant roots according to the volumetric water content (VWC) range was the most suitable for the Paraboloid equation in both media (RW1, RW2). The coefficient of determination the calibration equation for RW1 and RW2 media were 0.936, 0.947, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1285-1300
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• 2022

Turbidity, the measure of the cloudiness of water, is used as an important index for water quality management. The turbidity can vary greatly in small river systems, which affects water quality in national rivers. Therefore, the generation of high-resolution spatial information on turbidity is very important. In this study, a turbidity retrieval model using the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-3 and -3A (KOMPSAT-3/3A) images was developed for high-resolution turbidity mapping of Han River system based on eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. To this end, the top of atmosphere (TOA) spectral reflectance was calculated from a total of 24 KOMPSAT-3/3A images and 150 Landsat-8 images. The Landsat-8 TOA spectral reflectance was cross-calibrated to the KOMPSAT-3/3A bands. The turbidity measured by the National Water Quality Monitoring Network was used as a reference dataset, and as input variables, the TOA spectral reflectance at the locations of in situ turbidity measurement, the spectral indices (the normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, and normalized difference turbidity index), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived atmospheric products(the atmospheric optical thickness, water vapor, and ozone) were used. Furthermore, by analyzing the KOMPSAT-3/3A TOA spectral reflectance of different turbidities, a new spectral index, new normalized difference turbidity index (nNDTI), was proposed, and it was added as an input variable to the turbidity retrieval model. The XGBoost model showed excellent performance for the retrieval of turbidity with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.70 NTU and a normalized RMSE (NRMSE) of 14.70% compared to in situ turbidity, in which the nNDTI proposed in this study was used as the most important variable. The developed turbidity retrieval model was applied to the KOMPSAT-3/3A images to map high-resolution river turbidity, and it was possible to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of turbidity. Through this study, we could confirm that the KOMPSAT-3/3A images are very useful for retrieving high-resolution and accurate spatial information on the river turbidity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2022

Plasma refers to an ionized gas that is often referred to as "the fourth phase of matter", following solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma has traditionally been utilized for industrial applications such as welding and neon signs, but its promise in biomedical fields such as cancer treatment and dermatology has lately been recognized. Indeed, due to its beneficial effects in promoting collagen production, improving skin tone, and eliminating harmful bacteria in the skin, plasma treatment constitutes an important target for dermatological research. In this study, a plasma device for cosmetic manufacturing based on nitrogen, the main component of the atmosphere, was designed and assembled. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) was selected since is easier to follow and evaluate than other nitrogen plasma active species, and its contents were measured to perform a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of plasma. First, an injection method, using different proximities labeled "sinking" and "non sinking" treatments, was performed to test the most efficient plasma treatment method. As a result, it was observed that the formulation obtained by a non sinking treatment was more effective. Furthermore, toner and ampoule were selected as cosmetics formulations, and the characteristics of the formulation and changes in the injected plasma state were observed. In both formulations, the successful injection of NO plasma was 2 times higher in toner formulation than ampoule formulation, and it gradually decreased with time, having dissipated after a week. It was confirmed that the nitrogen plasma used did not affect the stability of the toner and ampoule formulations at low temperature (4 ℃), room temperature (25 ℃), and high temperature (37 ℃ and 50 ℃) conditions. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of plasma cosmetics and highlight the importance of securing the stability of the injected plasma.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.310-316
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• 2022

In this study, we compared the microbial reduction effects of drying, hot water, and microwave sterilization in scourers and dishcloths to suggest a most suitable sterilization method. Three scourer types (silver, copper, and mesh) were used, and three dishcloth types (silver, bamboo, and cotton) were used. Drying time dependent reduction in Escherichia coli was high in silver and copper scourers, but minimal bacterial reduction was obtained against Bacillus cereus in all scourers and dishcloths. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after ≥30 s of hot water sterilization at 77℃, and B. cereus was not detected after ≥60 s of hot water sterilization at 100℃. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after hot water sterilization at 77℃ for ≥30 s, but B. cereus was detected after hot water sterilization at 100℃ for ≥60 s. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization at 700 W for 3 min, but B. cereus was detected. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization with 700 W for ≥1 min, but B. cereus was detected in the cotton dishcloth even after sterilization for 3 min. In conclusion, the use of antimicrobial scourers (silver and copper) and dishcloths (silver and bamboo) are not sufficient to reduce the microbial contamination. The guideline provided by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety suggesting dishcloth sterilization via hot water at 100℃ for 30 s was also found to be insufficient. Based on our research, we suggest that the most effective methods of microbial management are submerging scourers in hot water at 100℃ for ≥1 min, and sterilizing dishcloths for ≥3 min using a 700 W microwave.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.19-34
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• 2022

This study was conducted to provide basic data that can be used when establishing Net Zero policies and implementation plans for non-urban settlements by quantitatively analyzing the Net Zero contribution to green infrastructure in rural areas corresponding to non-urban settlements. The main purpose is to first, systematize green infrastructure in rural areas, secondly derive basic units for each element of green infrastructure, and thirdly quantify and present the impact on Net Zero in Korea using these. In this study, CVR(Content Validity Ration) analysis was performed to verify the adequacy of green infrastructure elements in rural areas derived through research and analysis of previous studies, is as follows. First, Hubs of Green infrastructure in rural area include village forests, wetlands, farm land, and smart farms with a CVR value of .500 or higher. And Links of Green infrastructure in rural area include streams, village green areas, and LID (rainwater recycling). Second, the basic unit for each green infrastructure element was presented by classifying it into minimum, maximum, and median values using the results of previous studies so that it could be used for spatial planning and design for Net Zero. Third, when Green infrastructure in rural areas is applied to non-urban settlements in Korea, it is analyzed that it has the effect of indirectly reducing CO₂ by at least 70.76 million tons and up to 141.16 million tons. This is 3.4 to 6.7 times the amount of CO₂ emission from the agricultural sector in 2019, and it can be seen that the contribution to Net Zero is very high. It is expected to greatly contribute to the transformation of the ecosystem. This study quantitatively presented the carbon-neutral contribution to settlements located in non-urban areas, and by deriving the carbon reduction unit for each element of green infrastructure in rural areas, it can be used in spatial planning and design for carbon-neutral at the village level. It has significance as a basic research. In particular, the basic unit of carbon reduction for each green infrastructure factors will be usable for Net Zero policy at the village level, presenting a quantitative target when establishing a plan, and checking whether or not it has been achieved. In addition, based on this, it will be possible to expand and apply Net Zero at regional and city units such as cities, counties, and districts.