• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.363-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the site and growth characteristics of dominating Cornus controversa in the hardwood stands at Mt. Gariwang and Mt. Joongwang area located in Pyungchang-gun, Kangwon-do. The C. controversa was mainly distributed at the rather steep slope and aspect facing from northeast to northwest, and altitudes ranging from 800 to 1,100m. The C. controversa grew at relatively deep A soil layer with high moisture and nutrients. Major competing species in upper stories were Quercus mongolica, Acer mandshuricum, Salix hulteni, Acer pictum, and herb plants such as Polystichum tripteron, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Meehania urticifolia, Pseudostellaria pahbiniana, Ligularia fischeri, Impatiens noli-tangere, Corydalis speciosa in the floor. The average annual diameter growth of C. controversa according to the altitude was $4.06({\pm}0.90)mm$ below 900m, $2.51({\pm}0.65)mm$ from 900 to 1,000m, $3.28({\pm}0.12)mm$ from 1,000m to 1,100m and $2.81({\pm}0.35)mm$ above 1,100m. Good annual growth was shown at northwest site, but no difference due to micro-topography.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.525-534
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• 2017

The study aims to observe the cellular anatomical properties of Dahurian larch and Japanese larch for the species identification. In addition, other factors - the ring width, tracheid length, density, and strength - were compared and analyzed to clarify their physical and mechanical properties. To the end, three Dahurian larch trees and three Japanese larch trees by each diameter class were collected as specimens from Jeongseon-eup, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do, to conduct a stem analysis. It was found that the average stand age, average diameter at breast height, and average tree height of three Dahurian larch trees and Japanese larch trees were 74 years and 51 years, 442 mm and 352 mm, and 26.1 m and 20.8 m, respectively. The cellular anatomical difference between Dahurian larch and Japanese larch can be usually found by spiral thickening, considering that it doesn't occur in Dahurian larch at all, while rarely does in the ray tracheids of Japanese larch. However, in this study, spiral thickening was not observed in the radial section of Japanese larch. The average annual growth diameters measured at 1.2 m-height of Dahurian larch and Japanese larch were 5.167 mm and 5.954 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, arboreal growth of Japanese larch was observed to be higher than that of Dahurian larch. In the physical properties test, it was measured that the latewood proportion and oven-dry density of Dahurian larch with low annual diameter growth were higher than those of Japanese larch, while the mechanical properties of Dahurian larch wood were measured 2-7% higher than those of Japanese larch wood. The data obtained from this study are expected to be used as the basic reference for species identification between Dahurian larch and Japanese larch by DNA analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.565-577
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to understand the factors influencing the decline and the patterns of changes in Abies nephrolepis populations on Mt. Seorak. We installed permanent quadrats in the areas of the Gwittagicheongbong (peak), Gwanmoneungseon (ridge), and the Seorak Falls and have monitored the community structure, population dynamics, radial growth, and vitality in the quadrats since 2009. Excluding the Seorak Falls, the three research sites showed a three-layer structure in which the low-tree layer forms the canopy. Major tree species were Khingan fir, Korean arborvitae, Mongolian oak, Erman's birch, and Korean maple. The significance of Khingan fir in Seorak Falls decreased from 45.3% in 2009 to 36.8% in 2018. The number of shoots ($DBH{\geq}5cm$) was highest at 1,800 individuals/ha and 1,700 individuals/ha at the Gwittagicheongbong 2 and the Gwanmoneungseon, respectively. The mortality rates over the past 10 years were very high, at 38.3% and 35.3%, respectively, in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 and Seorak Falls. The most stable inverse J-shaped distribution in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 area was shown in the size-frequency distribution of the Khingan fir populations. The average annual ring growth of the Khingan fir was 0.96 ~ 1.73 mm/year, and the ring growth tended to decrease in the areas of Gwittagicheongbong 1, Gwanmoneungseon, and Seorak Falls, where the vitality was low. If the monitoring process continues, it will be possible to obtain basic data for the conservation and management of subalpine vegetation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 2015

The objective of this paper is to look into the growth of Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea along with the evaluation on their yields, followed by their carbon stocks and removals. A total of 106 sample plots were selected from Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Jeju, where the groups of standard are grown. We only used 92 plots data except outlier. As part of the analysis, the Weibull diameter distribution was applied. In order to estimate the diameter distribution, the growth estimation equation for each of the growth factors including the height, the diameter at breast height, and the basal area was drafted out and the verification for each equation was examined. The site index for figuring out the forest productivity of Cryptomeria japonica stand for each district was also developed as a Schumacher model and 30yr was used as a reference age for the estimation of the site index. It was found that the site index for Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea ranges from 10 to 16 and this result was used as a standard for developing the stand yield table. According to the site 14 in the stand yield table, the mean annual increment (MAI) of the Cryptomeria japonica reaches $7.6m^3/ha$ on its 25yr and its growing stock is estimated to be at $190.1m^3/ha$. This volume is about $20m^3$ as high as that of the Chamaesyparis obtusa. Furthermore, the annual carbon absorptions for a Cryptomeria japonica stand reached the peak at 25yr, which is 2.14 tC/ha/yr, $7.83tCO_2/ha/yr$. When compared to the other conifers, this rate is slightly higher than that of a Chamaecyparis obtusa ($7.5tCO_2/ha/yr$) but lower than that of the Pinus koraiensis ($10.4tCO_2/ha/yr$) and Larix kaempferi ($11.2tCO_2/ha/yr$). With such research result as a base, it is necessary to come up with the ways to enhance the utilization of Cryptomeria japonica as timbers, besides making use of their growth data.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

This study analyzed on the characteristics of community structure, species composition, population conditions and annual mean radial growth of Taxus cuspidata in the subalpine zone of the Seoraksan, Deokyusan, and Hallasan National Parks. Deokyusan and Hallasan sites had three layers of stratification structure without tree layer in it and four layer in Seoraksan site. The major dominant species in the order of importance value were as follows: T. cuspidata, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Quercus mongolica, Abies koreana and Sorbus commixta. The trees (> 5 cm DBH) of T. cuspidata were extremely high with 986.0 individuals/ha at the Hallasan site. Average DBH class were 42.0 cm at the Hallasan site and mainly showed large class. The populations of seedlings and saplings with 357.3 individuals/ha, and juvenile with 128.6 individuals/ha, as a succession tree, were found to be the highest at the Hallasan site. In the size frequency distribution, the populations of T. cuspidata in Mt. Halla site showed a reverse J-shaped curve and it was estimated that T. cuspidata community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable state like present state. Annual mean radial growth of T. cuspidata populations at Seoraksan, Deokyusan, and Hallasan sites showed up as 1.27 mm/year, 0.93 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.632-643
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to examine vegetation community structure and distribution of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji of Chungcheongbuk-do by setting up and surveying 8 plots (400 m² each). Mean Importance Value (MIV) of Fraxinus chiisanensis in 8 plots was 35.19% in average (ranging from 26.07~42.74%). Since it is the dominant species in all plots, it is expected to maintain the present vegetation structure. The analysis of the DBH (diameter at breast height) showed that the diameter of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji ranges from 2 to 43cm. The majority of Fraxinus chiisanensis is expected to maintain current state unless disturbance or rapid environmental change occurs. The Species Diversity (H') was 0.8498~1.0261, Evenness (J') was 0.8160~0.9256, Dominance Index (D) was 0.0789~0.1840, Maximum Diversity (H'max) was 1.0414~1.2041. The analysis of annual ring and radial growth showed that the average age of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji was 29.1years(ranging from 22~58years). The average annual radial growth of Fraxinus chiisanensis was the highest in community G with 5.84mm and the lowest in community B with 2.80mm. The similarity index analysis revealed that the similarity index between community B and E, C and F, H was the highest with 69.0%, and the similarity index between community E and F was the lowest with 29.6%. Both the area of Fraxinus chiisanensis community of Mt.Minjuji and its population size are very small. Therefore, this area needs to be designated as Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to examine carbon dynamics with biomass, soil $CO_2$ efflux, litter and root decomposition after tree density control in young Pinus densiflora stands. The stands were established with 50% thinning, clear-cut, and control stands with three pseudo-replicated plots and a bare soil plot in 8-year-old Pinus densiflora nursery field. Monthly measurements were conducted from March 2012 to February 2014 and aboveground biomass and coarse-roots were estimated by derived allometric equations. Average diameter growth at root collar in control and thinned was 0.89 cm and 1.48 cm per year, respectively, and the diameter growth of control stand was significantly higher than that of thinned stands (p<0.05). Total biomass was estimated to 5.17, $4.85kg\;C\;m^{-2}$ per year in control and thinned, respectively. Annual soil $CO_2$ efflux in control, thinned, clear cut, and bare soil was 3.71, 3.90, 4.17, $4.56kg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively and removing trees significantly increased soil $CO_2$ efflux (p<0.05). Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) was 1.57, 1.36, -0.67, $-1.25kg\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ in control, thinned, clear cut and bare soil in the young Pinus densiflora stands. NEP was significantly decreased by removing trees. Thinning increased diameter at root collar and carbon of individual tree and recovered 86% of carbon removed by thinning after one-year. In addition, soil $CO_2$ efflux increased and NEP increased by thinning. Results of this study, tree density control such as thinning increased the carbon storage and growth of the young Pinus densiflora stands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.103-107
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• 2016

This study aims to select the most appropriate poplar clones for planting on short rotation coppice poplar plantations in a riparian area. The research investigated biomass production, nitrogen and carbon absorption with 2-year-old poplar (Populus spp.) clones including P. euramericana clone Eco28, P. deltoides hybrid clone 97-18, and P. alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa hybrid clone 72-30. The average number of stems per stump was five and P. euramericana clone Eco28 had the greatest average number of live stems per stump with 5.9. The average stem diameter was 23.2 mm, and P. deltoides hybrid clone 97-18 achieved the largest average diameter with 25.4 mm. The average annual above-ground biomass production of Populus deltoides hybrid clone 97-18 was 16.1 ton/ha/year, followed by P. alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa hybrid clone 72-30 and P. euramericana clone Eco28, 12.3 and 5.4 ton/ha/year, respectively. The average annual nitrogen uptake of poplar clones was 46.5 kg/ha/year. P. alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa hybrid clone 72-30 had the highest average, 63.1 kg/ha/year. The average of annual carbon absorption was estimated 5.3 ton/ha/year and Populus deltoides hybrid clone 97-18 showed the best results with 7.7 ton/ha/year. Based on the results given above, P. deltoides hybrid aspen clone 97-18 is considered as the most suitable poplar clones for wood biomass production on riparian areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.440-451
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• 2000

This study was conducted in order to provide essential data and relevant management proposal to conserve and maintain big and old trees in a rational way. For the field survey, 77 big and old trees preserved by the laws in Chollabuk-do, Korea were investigated. The study results are summarized as follows : 1. To conserve and manage big and old trees, the valuable trees have been designated as natural monument trees and protection-needed trees. There are 141 individuals of 37 species designated as natural monuments and 10,049 individuals of 102 species designated as protection-needed trees. 2. Management budget for natural monument trees was devoted at 70% from the national expenditure, but that for protection-needed trees was devoted at 98% from the local expenditure. 3. Standardized sign boards and sign stones for natural monument trees were well placed and other protection facilities such as fences, branch supports and branch holdings were established. On the other hand, management of protection-needed trees was deficient overall. 4. Problems for designation process and management of protection-needed trees could include items such as insufficient management budget, various development activities, land ownership, misjudgement of tree age and species identification, unsatisfaction of sign board placement, insufficient surgery for damaged trees, pavement around tree root system and environmental pollution around the trees. 5. In order to improve the existing management methods of big and old trees, the following schemes were suggested : the development of practical criteria for natural monument and protection-needed trees, nationwide surveys of big and old tree resources, the security of national budget, securing sufficient spaces for the tree growth, specialization of management systems, extended practices of tree form management, establishment of permanent standard signs and consideration of opinions of village residents.