• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2005

In this study, in-cylinder flow of the swirl chamber type diesel engine numerically simulated by VECTIS code. The flow fields during the intake and compression process were also investigated in detail. Numerical results revealed that the generation and distortion of the swirling, tumbling vortices and those influences on turbulence kinetic energy by shape of the jet passage, angle and area. It was also found that flow characteristics were affected by inflow velocity that depends on change of the jet passage shape. Swirl ratio was increased according to decrease of jet passage area, and was affected by piston motion according to increase of jet passage angle. Tumbling vortices had the similar in various cases, but tumble ratio was increased with the inflow velocity. The generation of turbulence kinetic energy was considerably influenced by complex effects of swirling and tumbling vortices.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2011.04a
• /
• pp.1604-1605
• /
• 2011

본 논문에서는 어플리케이션 가입자의 주소록 정보를 기반으로 한 번호 확인 서비스에 대하여 설명한다. 이 서비스는 사용자 주소록에 존재하지 않는 번호로 전화가 왔을 때, 주소록에 등록된 지인들의 주소록을 검색하여 그 번호의 존재 여부를 알려준다. 이를 통해 지인간의 식별된 전화번호 그룹을 형성할 수 있게 되며, 원치 않은 통화를 피하고 잠재적 지인의 연락을 선택적으로 받아들일 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.109-112
• /
• 2001

Sieve element area and sieve pore formed generally from plasmodesmata. Sieve pore formed by the fusion of several tiny vesicles with plasmodesmata, or those with cell wall after the destruction of special region of newly formed cell wall or those finally with circular arranged form from tissure culture of Streptanthus. The tiny vesicles were produced from dispersed nucleolus or heterochromatin. The sieve area and sieve pore formed from tissue cultured cells were shown round tube form similar to those of natural plants. Sieve area and sieve pore were produced by various methods, and it suggested that the basic materials of the construction of sieve pore originated from the vesicles.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2008

The RI gasoline engine haying a sub-chamber had a high cycle variation due to the difficulty of the residual gas scavenge in the sub-chamber. To solve this problem and improve the combustion performance of RI engine, we devised a method to inject directly CNG fuel into the sub-chamber. A DI diesel engine of single cylinder was converted into a RI-CNG engine and an electronic control unit for the engine was manufactured. In this study, the combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine were investigated with the injection timings and air excess ratios at the load conditions of 50% throttle open rate and 1700rpm. As the results from this study, the RI-CNG engine worked reliably under the condition of the ignitable lean limit of $\lambda=1.7$ by showing the $COV_{imep}$ below about 5%. And the highest thermal efficiency could be obtained in the injection timing that produced the high imep and the low $COV_{imep}$ at the same time. The CO emission concentration indicated very low values and the THC and $NO_x$ showed an opposite pattern. With a view to improving the thermal efficiency and reducing the harmful emissions, the proper control region of the ignition timing and the mixture ratio were nearly ATDC $20^{\circ}\sim50^{\circ}$ and $\lambda=1.4$ respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2013.06a
• /
• pp.310-312
• /
• 2013

국가 긴급사태 발생시에는 긴급재난정보를 신속하게 전달하기 위하여 임시재해방송국을 개설할 수 있다. 그러나 국가긴급사태발생 시에는, 시정촌의 기초단체장들에게는 전기나 전화, 휴대폰 등의 연락회선이 두절되어 정보전달 수단이 한정되게 된다. 특히 라디오나 텔레비전 시청도 곤란한 상황에서 재난정보전달체계는 어려운 환경에 처하게 된다. 따라서 재난발생 초기에 임시재난방송국의 역할은 매우 중요하고, 피재지나 피난소에서 얻은 피난정보나 라이프라인정보, 지원물자 배포정보 등의 정보를 제공하고 있다. 본고에서는 동일본 대진재 시의 임시재난방송의 개설 및 운영 등에 관한 임시재난방송국의 운영사례 등을 소개하고자 한다.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.126-134
• /
• 1992

비행기 속, 열차의 속 어디에서나 사무실이나 가정과 연락을 취할 수 있는 다중체통신, 위성통신은 현재, 전화, TV의 전송, 전용선 등에 폭넓게 이용되고 있다. 최근까지 정지위성 궤도상에 떠있는 트란스폰도(transponder=transmitter+responder<송신기+응답기>) 즉, 위성 탑재 중단기의 수는 INTELSAT를 포함해서 합계 약 4,100으로 되어 있다(과거의 공산권을 포함해서). 발사로켓의 대형화, 통신위성의 대형화에 의해 위성회선의 비용은 현저히 저하되어 있으며, 위성통신의 이용은 확대일로에 있다. 위성통신은 광화이버통신, 지상마이크로파통신과 나란하는 통신네트워크의 주요한 구성요소이다. 대양횡단의 통신은 위성통신이 그 특징을 충분히 발휘하여 왔고, 해저광케이블과의 사이에서 부설자끼리 장단점을 놓고 비교를 하고 있으나, 위성통신은 넓은 지역으로부터의 통신을 수 하는 기능 또는 동일한 신호를 넓은 지역에 탑재하는 지구국에서 동시에 수신할 수 있는 기능을 갖고 있는 이외에도, 원양어선에로의 통신같이, 지상의 통신방식으로는 제공이 곤란한 서비스가 가능하다는 등의 특징이 있으며, 금후의 통신 네트워크의 구성요소로서 더 한층 그 필요성이 증가해 갈 것이라 본다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.3 no.5
• /
• pp.122-134
• /
• 1995

The present study was investigated combustion characteristics of methane-air mixtures at stratified charge in a constant volume combustion chamber. The main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows. In case of ${\phi}_s=1.0$, total burning times greatly affected rather than initial time of pressure increase and maximum combustion pressure. In case of ${\phi}_t=1.0$, initial time of pressure increase and total burning times were affected considerably in comparison with the case of ${\phi}_s=1.0$. Also, even the very lean mixture which total equivalence ratio is ${\phi}_t=0.69$(${\phi}_s=1.0$, ${\phi}_m=0.65$), by changing configuration of the critical passage-hole and using a stratified mixture, it is possible to decrease substantially the initial time of pressure increase. total burning times and NOx concentration without deteriorating combustion characteristics such as maximum combustion pressure, rate of heat release etc. in comparison with the use of single chamber(in case of ${\phi}=1.0$) only. Specifically, our trends were revealed remarkably in the case of Type D which is reduced a flame contact area of sub-chamber side of the passage-hole.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2006

Grafted tissues were investigated using various microscopic techniques. Pinus thunbergii was used as stock and scion and autografted by cleft graft method. Histochemically, grafting processes can be proceeded by four stages: 1) formation of necrotic layer, 2) proliferation of callus, 3) development of neo-cambium from callus, and 4) restoration of new vascular xylem. Necrotic la yer composed of pectin and lignin was gradually degraded during grafting process and disappeared when new union was formed between stock and scion. A large number of starch and lipid bodies in the cytoplasm were also gradually degraded during grafting process and disappeared at the grafting interface. Nucleus and plasmodesmata were not changed. Bubble-like callus was generated from all living parenchyma cells and from the callus. The tracheary elements differentiated from the callus had either reticulate or pit-like thickenings in the secondary walls with bordered pits. Secondary cell wall thickening occurred toward filing to the void parts between reticulated secondary wall. Tracheids formed in the secondary xylem were short with irregular wall thickness. New secondary xylem cells with swirled shapes, which developed in graft union were oriented horizontally and obliquely to axis of the stem.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 1995

Complete microsporogenesis of Hibiscus syriacus L. were carried out employing LM, TEM, and SEM to investigate the pollen ontogeny that undergoes considerable structural differentiation. The process first began with several cell diYisions in the anther primordium that produces 3 different tissues of epidennal, archesporial, and connective tissues. Only archesporial tissue involved further differentiation into the tapetum and formation of reproductive cells, pollen mother cells (PMC). The tapetum and PMC were closely associated with each other structurally and metabolically by exhibiting numerous plasmodesmata, mitochondria, and many small vacuoles in their dense cytoplasm. A callosic wall began to surround the PMC while meiosis took place in the PMC to produce 4 microspores. When thick callose encircled each microspore as a frame, the sporodenn development initiated from the plasma membrane of a pollen grain in a tetrad. The first fonned sporoderm layer was bacules and tectum of sexine that originated from the plasma membrane. After the dissolution of a callose, further development Qf sporoderm continued in the order of nexine 1, nexine 2, and intine layer. The nexine layer was thicker (ca. $2-3.5\;\mu\textrm{m}$) than the intine layer whose thickness was about $0.9-1.5\;\mu\textrm{m}$. Upon completion of the sporoderm development, that is after intine formation, spines and apertures of pollen surface ornamentation initiated from the tectum. Spines were dimorphic, about $4-9\;\mu\textrm{m}\;an;15-20\;\mu\textrm{m}$ in length, and no basal cushion was detected. The mature pollen grains ranged $100-200\;\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter, but their average was about $170\;\mu\textrm{m}$. About 120 spines were observed over the spheroidal pollen surface. Apertures were simple punctures of $2-3\;\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and about 50 apertures were arranged somewhat helically over the surface. Comparing such features of form and size of the pollen, sporodenn sculpture and structure, and aperture and spine conditions with known evolutionary trends in the genus Hibiscus, Hibiscus syriacus seemed to possess many advanced features in the sporodenn differentiation.iation.