• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.12-19
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• 2017

The present paper is a study on the performance characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants. MDF plywood has been used, that are being used for the interior decoration of building structures, to make the samples for experiment according to the existing or non-existing treatment of organic-inorganic hybrid flame resistants. Later, the experiment on the measurement of flame retardant performance using a $45^{\circ}$ flammability tester and the experiment on the measurement of combustion characteristic using a cone calorimeter have been proceeded to confirm the performance characteristic of organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants. From the result of experiments, it has been confirmed that both organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants have merits of inorganic and organic substances, and that heat resistance, durability and adhesiveness have been largely improved. The performance on the flame retardant has also appeared with excellent effect such as the reduced generation of combustion gas and the decreased generation of smoke.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.128-135
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• 2012

In this paper, we proposed a system and a scenario to raise efficiency of gas safety management by developing wireless ZigBee communication modules, smart-home gas safety appliances and the system suitable for gas safety. Our designed system consists of a micom gas meter, an automatic extinguisher, sensors, and a wall-pad. A micom-gas-meter monitors gas flow, gas pressure, and earthquake. An automatic fire extinguisher checks combustible gas leaks and temperature of $100^{\circ}C$(cut off) and $130^{\circ}C$(fire). Sensors measure smoke and CO gas. In our novel system, a micom-gas meter cut off inner valve with warnings, an automatic fire extinguisher cut off middle valve and spray extinguishing materials, and sensors generate signals when detecting smoke and CO and then take a next action. Gas safety appliances and sensors automatically takes measures, and transmit those information to a wall-pad. The wall-pad again transmits real time information to server. Users can check and manage gas safety situations by connecting BcN server through web or mobile application. We hereby devised scenarios for gas safety and risk management based on the smart, and demonstrated their efficiency through test applied to filed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

This study suggested the problems and their improvement measures for the operation of fire detectors and sprinkler heads installed at apartment houses. According to a census on population and housing in 2010, apartment houses account for 71.6% of the total housing facilities. And by fire statistics data of the National Emergency Management Agency, approximately 25.0% of fire accidents and 46.4% of casualties occur at apartment houses every year. Therefore, this study conducted for identifying the causes and characteristics of fire to establish the fire safety improvement measures for apartment houses. And this study was carried out virtual fire simulation at domestic apartment houses. The scenario of the simulation contains a comparative analysis on the operation time of standard sprinkler heads and residential sprinkler heads, heat detectors and smoke detectors. As a result of simulation, it was found that standard sprinkler heads and heat detectors installed at the existing apartment houses should be replaced with residential sprinkler heads and smoke detectors for rapid fire suppression. In addition, sprinkler systems should be considered to be installed for excluded floor at apartment houses. Especially, it is necessary to construct remote inspect systems like advanced countries for efficiency of apartment houses safety management.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.163-174
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• 2018

Rice cultivation is immensely affected by many climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, etc, and imbalanced climatic conditions negatively affect the growth of rice. In this study, we investigated the effects of different agroclimatic zones of Chungnam Province on rice quality and examined the correlations between climatic characteristics and rice yield components. Average temperatures and rainfall were higher in 'Western Sobaek Inland' than those in the 'South Western coastal zone, and precipitation records showed a wide variation among counties due to typhoons during the examined periods. The average accumulative temperature affecting the magnitude of production during reproductive growth periods was higher in "Cheon-An", "Gong-Ju", "Yeon-Gi (Se-Jong)", "Bo-Ryeong", and "Dang-Jin" counties than those in other counties. The plant height was higher in 'Western Sobaek Inland' counties such as "Yeon-Gi(Se-Jong)" and "Cheon-An", and 'Southern Charyeong Plain' counties such as "Cheong-Yang", "Dang-Jin", and "A-San", than those in other counties. The number of tillers during the 40 days after rice transplantation in "Seo-Cheon" and "Bo-Ryeong" counties increased compared to other counties. This result was relevant to the fact that the date of rice transplantation in those counties was 3 to 4 days later than those in other counties of Chung-Nam Province. The average yield (milled rice basis) was the highest in 'Western Sobaek Inland' zone, showing 3,756 kg ha^-1, followed by 'Southern Charyeong Plain' zone showing 3,621kg ha^-1, and was the lowest in 'South Western coastal zone by 3,315kg ha^-1. "Yeon-Gi(Se-Jong)" and "Dang-Jin" counties showed the highest yields of 4,100kg ha^-1. "Seo-San", "Seo-Cheon", and "Tae-An" counties were relatively lower yields of 3,240~3,280kg ha^-1 in comparison of other counties.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2001

To analyze chemical compositions of softwood vinegar prepared with continuous carbonized kiln, the chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS spectrometry. The results were summarized as follow : 1. The amounts of methylalcohol and acetic acid and of vinegar were 0.12% and 0.8% respectively, and acidity was 0.85 2. Perfume components of vinegar were frufual, 5-meayl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-butanol, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 1-(2-furanyl)-etanone, benzaldehyde, 2-furan carboxyaldehyde and acetic acid. 3 Vinegar prepared from softwood, so that murk amount of guaiacyl compound and phenol derivetives are produced from lignin and extractives was analγzed. 4 The yield of 4-methyl-di-tert-butylphenol was the highest in the nutural and carbonyl and acetic acid in the acid fractions, 3-ethylpentane in the basic fraction, and guaiacol in the phenolic fraction.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.410-415
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• 2004

In order to learn the emission characteristics of hazardous pollutants associated with environmental tobacco smoking (ETS), we measured the concentrations of major aromatic VOC and carbonyl compounds released from ETS. By acquiring the different smoke types of ETS, we were able to determine that the concentrations of those species range from ppb (normal exhaled air of smoker prior to smoking) to ppm levels (direct release of ETS without filter). Using these measurement data, we also evaluated the body-retaining rate of these compounds as the result of ETS. The results of our analysis indicated that predominant portion of them (e.g., > 99%) are retained as the result of cigarette smoking. To learn more about the potential impact of ETS, more extensive study may be required to assess the gross picture of pollutant deposition inside respiratory intake and their health-effects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

In this parer, we design the artificial intelligent direction escape light control system to improve/complete the defects of the existing fire fighting system, and sketch an optimum escape guide algorithm for its implementation. It intends to minimize human casualties and injuries by calculating/predicting moving line of the optimum emergency escape, by means of interlocking the sensor and the reception group and analyzing the data of the combustion point and the smoke movement. The optimum escape algorithm is designed by FLOYD algorithm which calculates the shortest distance. It consists of the measuring method which calculates the shortest distance by using hazardous factors for each condition in danger which is judged by the sensor installed in each area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

Recently, environmental sustainability of the transitional explosives and propellants is an issue of growing importance in energetic materials. For examples, ammonium perchlorate(AP) as an solid propellants oxidizer could create a poisonous gas and atmospheric pollutions, such as HCl. Among the several oxidizers, hydrazinium nitroformate(HNF) is an effective candidate substance for eco-friendly oxidizer, which has high density, pressure index, and less smog generating property during combustion for the Divert and Attitude Control System(DACS). This study was confirmed a synthesis through various conditions, was performed for the essential data of solubility the crystallization process. Also, crystallization process such as cooling, drowning-out and sonication were performed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

A fire extinguishing system for a rack warehouse was recently designed, which only consider the gross area and number of stories. However, the design of such a system should take into account not only the planar structuree, but also the elevation perspectives due to its vertical structure. Moreover, the fire load of the commodities palletized on the racks should be considered, in order to design a performance-based fire safety system that is appropriate for these environmental conditions. For this reason, this study analyzed the fire characteristics of the commodities palletized on the racks (pallet + the commodities in a box unit + vinyl packing material), taking into consideration the results of a field investigation conducted in Korea, as well as the Hazard Classifications of Commodities used in other countries. Through this analysis, the heat release rate (HRR) and smoke production rate (SPR) were derived.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Visibility is very poor in tunnel fire because of confined space where the fire may easily lead to the mass casuality incident because of fast smoke spread. In this test, air curtain and the fan were installed at rescue station in a bid to make use of rescue station in safe way during the train fire in undersea tunnel and a full-scale fire test was conducted to identify the applicability of air curtain system. Air curtain system was installed at a real rescue station and the test was continued for 2 minutes till heptane which was used as fire source was completely burned out. When air curtain was working, difference in temperature between inside and outside the platform was $160^{\circ}C$ and carbon monoxide measured inside the platform was less than the case of no air curtain system by 160 ppm. Thus a full-scale fire test demonstrated that the air curtain system installed at rescue station in undersea tunnel was able to effectively block the heat and smoke generated from the fire.