• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

This study concerns the Baekje Traditional Garden, one of the open spaces in the Lotte Resort in the Baekje Historical Reappearance Complex, which is part of the comprehensive plan for specific areas in the Baekje cultural area. The Baekje Traditional Garden has historic value, and its excellent garden style influenced the ancient Japanese gardens. This study dealt with three issues: (1) The context in which Lotte Buyeo Resort accepted the Baekje Traditional Garden, particularly the background and process of such; (2) The original form of the Baekje Traditional Garden; and (3) How the Baekje Traditional Garden should be represented in the open space of the resort. Representation is accomplished in two ways: using the structure of the original garden and in the borrowing of elements. For representation using the structure of the original garden, Imrugak was used as the main entrance space, and Wolsunjung was represented from the Ganbuklee remains. In the rear garden are wave watercourses and other garden facilities of the Wanggungri site in Iksan. Borrowing of elements, on the other hand, was accomplished in the plant plan and detailed development. In addition, mountaintops (three mountains and five mountain summits), a clean stream between mountains, and a pine forest are visualized in the garden. This is the representative landscape of the Taoist hermit world that appeared in the Baekje Gilt Bronze Incense Burner and Landscape pattern. The significance of this study is twofold. First, the Baekje Traditional Garden is a fresh trail because there has been no previous research concerning it. Second, while past research concerning traditional spaces focused on the results of representation, this study focused on the process of representation. This means that this research work tried to extend the study concerning the representation of traditional spaces from the conceptual to the practical approach. This study, however, also has its limitations. The authenticity of the representation suggested in this study may be questioned later because efforts have been made to preserve the original Baekje Traditional Garden. In addition, this study should seek a balance between authenticity on one hand and amusement and diversity of experience on the other, because the site is a resort.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.84-95
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• 2010

This study is an introductory survey of the labyrinth/maze in gardens. The term 'garden labyrinth' may seem an oxymoron given that the garden represents the terrestrial paradise, while the labyrinth is a symbol of the most chaotic face of the world. In etymological and ontological terms, however, gardens are enclosed places and this characteristic corresponds to the character of the labyrinth, which is the one of the oldest signs in human civilization, symbolizing the paths of human life filled with uncertainty and complexity. The garden labyrinth has developed in various forms and shapes since the Renaissance period. Literature and paintings contributed to the dissemination of the concepts of the garden labyrinth, especially in the form of the 'garden of love'. While the labyrinths in ancient and medieval times focused on plane shapes and symbolic and/or spiritual meanings, later garden labyrinths emphasized the three dimensional form and synesthetic pleasures. New patterns, which deviated from the classical unicursal form, emerged in the Petit Parc at Versailles in the 17th century. The garden labyrinth/maze was easy to adopt in formal gardens because of its geometric form, but for that reason, it went on to decline during the fad of picturesque garden. In this study, a brief history of labyrinths, the patterns, forms, and arrangement of the garden labyrinths in the formal gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque periods and its meanings are reviewed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

RHS is a core organization with huge influences on the expansion of the base for the garden culture and industry. This study aimed to examine the meaning and value of the professional charity's role through the appearance background and developmental process of RHS. The passion for plant collection in the Victorian Age of the $19^{th}$ century became the background of establishing the society. Such background of the times and the root of the society are deeply related to the British civil garden culture. The consideration of the forming process of RHS and the study can be summarized as below. First, the professional introduction of exotic plants by plant hunters was developed into an organization supporting professional plant research through collection, sampling, and records, which led to the development of horticulture techniques, growth of plant nursery businesses and established the foundation of the civil garden culture in the UK. Second, after John Loudon was involved in RHS, inspired by the press editing more practical information contents, middle-class and women became new patrons to gardening. Therefore, the care of gardens became a source of agreeable domestic recreation, especially to the female sex. Third, $19^{th}$ century plant collection and exhibition was seen in the Chelsea Flower Show which a key role beyond the UK garden culture. Fourth, those acts of RHS and modernity in $19^{th}$ developed British middle-class domestic gardens which have the character of the ordinary and national garden style in the UK. Such history and activities of RHS are connected to the national status as a country of gardens, which suggests clues to practical measures and values we should aim for in order to settle citizen-centered garden culture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.33-52
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• 2022

The History and Culture Park and the Lee Kun-hee Donation Hall will be built in Songhyeon-dong, Seoul. Political games from the Joseon Dynasty to the present greatly influenced the historicity of Songhyeon-dong. However, place analysis was limited to changes in landowners and land uses rather than a historical context. Therefore, this study analyzed the context in which the placeness of Songhyeon-dong changed according to the emergence of cultural hegemony using the perspective of modern cultural geography and comparative history. As a result of the analysis, cultural hegemony in historical transitions, such as Sinocentrism, maritime expansion, civil revolutions, imperialism, nationalism, popular art, and neoliberalism, was found to have created new intellectuals in Bukchon, including Songhyeon-dong, and influenced social systems and spatial policies. In this social relations, the placeness of Songhyeon-dong changed as follows. First, the founding forces of Joseon created pine forests as Bibo Forests to invocate the permanence of the dynasty. In the late Joseon dynasty, it was an era of maritime expansion, and as Joseon's yeonhaeng increased, a garden for the Gyeonghwasejok, who enjoyed the culture of the Qing dynasty, was built. Although pine forests and gardens disappeared due to the development of housing complexes as the population soared during the Japanese colonial era, Cha Gyeong's landscape aesthetics, which harmonized artificial gardens and external nature, are worth reinterpreting in modern times. Second, the wave of modernization created a new school in Bukchon and a boarding house in Songhyeon-dong owned by a pro-Japanese faction. Angukdongcheon-gil, next to Songhyeon-dong, was where thinkers who promoted civil revolution and national self-determination exchanged ideas. Songhyeon-dong, the largest boarding house, served as a residence for students to participate in the March 1st Movement and was the cradle of the resulting culture of student movements. The appearance of the old road is preserved, so it is a significant part of the regeneration of walking in the historic city center, connecting Gwanghwamun-Bukchon-Insadong -Donhwamunro. Third, from the cultural rule of the Government General of Joseon to the Military Government, Songhyeon-dong acted as a passage to western culture with the Joseon Siksan Bank's cultural housing and staff accommodations at the U.S. Embassy. Ancient and contemporary art coexisted in the surrounding area, so the modern and contemporary art market was formed. The Lee Kun-hee Donation Hall is expected to form a cultural belt for citizens with the gallery, Bukchon Hanok Village, the Craft Museum, and the Modern Museum of Art. Discourses and challenges are needed to recreate the place in harmony with the forests, gardens, the street of citizens' birth, history and culture park, the art museum, and the surrounding walking network.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.80-93
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• 2018

The following results could be obtained from the research on awareness and satisfaction of the tourists who joined the program 'A Journey in Search of King Mu's Road'. With regard to awareness of the site tour program, tourists replied that they participated in the program mainly because of their interest in education for their children. They expressed great needs for the municipal government office to maintain walkways, signboards and guide maps as well as to reinforce safety facilities as a measure to increase satisfaction with the site tour on the part of visitors and tourists. In terms of satisfaction with operation and management of the site tour program, the contents of the program were highly appreciated while it turned out necessary to rediscover garden culture resources and to develop and operate an expanded internal tour course for tourists to look around inside the relics by utilizing the recently excavated Baekje historical resources. As a consequence, it might be expected possible to experience and educate the local history and garden culture thanks to the historical culture and environmental values that have been preserved in the Baekje cultural circles. Moreover, the importance of walking trips will be recognized for its effects to allow those who get tired from daily life to come into contact with nature, practice self-reflection and care for their health as well.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

The main objective of this study is to reveal the basic information for structuring the subsequent information monitoring and early warning system and configuring the sustainable programme management of Donggung and wolji, Gyeongju which was much utilized as historic garden with the physical carrying capacity and the psychological carrying capacity according to on-spot observation and survey. The physical carrying capacity can be calculated with landscape node spatial capacity, road spatial capacity and other spatial capacity and the psychological carrying capacity can be calculated with vision, hearing, touch, action feeling and satisfaction. The number of actual tourists was lower than the carrying capacity in daytime, but it was about twice as great as that in the night. And because the tourists were mainly tour groups, the time of environment damaged was short and fixed. The management improvement program was brought forward centre around the results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

Korean temple gardens have very high preservation value as the place reflecting ancestral wisdom in harmony with nature. Not only as a religious place but also as a beautiful landscape place, many people including foreigners are visiting traditional Korean temples. However, current many Korean temple gardens lost their original value and meaning because of the inappropriate planting in traditional places. In this study, for maintaining the representativeness of traditional Korean temple, we researched the current planting status of traditional Korean temple. After the research of 51 traditional Korean temples, a total of 207 species of plants was investigated, and among them 128 species (61.84%) were Korean native plants, 76 species (36.71%) were cultivar plants, 2 species (0.97%) were naturalized plants, and 1 species (0.48%) is introduced plant. Korean red pine (46 temples), sawleaf zelkova (38 temples), and ginkgo (36 temples) were the high rank species among 207 species. Korean rare plants including black-fruit hackberry and Korean fir form 5.3% of total species, and Korean endemic plants including Korean weigela and Korean paulownia form 3.4% of total species in traditional Korean temples. On the other hand, plants that have religious meaning such as lotus, musa, and guelder rose form slightly. There is a higher proportion of traditional Korean plants than religious meaning plants in traditional temple gardens, so that temple gardens are highlighted as historic places. Based on the planting status, maintenance plans were established reflecting characteristics of each spaces: entry space, the precincts of a shrine, and flower stairs. As a result, we suggest that selecting a suitable plant species with regard to the religious meaning of the plant symbolism for newly designing Korean temple gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.25-38
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• 2020

For the purpose of recording Folk House Garden, this study was to review the historical value, location, space composition, Placememnt of the Building, garden composition, and management status of Folk House Garden designated as a cultural asset in Jeolla-do and to promote continuous maintenance and preservation in the future and enhance its value. The results of the study are as follows. First, most of them have been influenced by the trend of the times, such as the creation of a modern private garden and the spread of agricultural and commercial development through the garden components influenced by the royal, Japanese, and Western styles. Second, there are differences in the spatial composition of private households and the way they handle sponsorship, depending on the geographical location. When the geographical features were divided into flat and sloping areas, private houses located on flat land were divided into walls, walls were placed around the support area, and flower systems and stone blocks were created. The private houses located on the slope were divided into two to three tiers of space, and the wooden plant, flower bed, and stone bed were naturally connected to the background forest without creating a wall at the rear hill. Third, the size of the house and the elements of the garden have been partially destroyed, damaged, and changed, and if there is a lack of records of the change process, there is a limit to the drawing floor plan. There were many buildings and garden components that were lost or damaged due to changes in the trend and demand of the times, and some of them without records had to rely on the memory of owners and managers. Fourth, the species in Warm Temperate Zone, which reflects the climatic characteristics of Jeolla-do, was produced, and many of the exotic species, not traditional ones, were introduced. Fifth, fine-grained tree management standards are needed to prepare for changes in spatial function and plant species considering modern convenience.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.58-68
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• 2014

Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as 'a father of landscape garden art.' He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the $18^{th}$ century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld's garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld's garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of $18^{th}$ century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in $19^{th}$ century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld's garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

A traditional garden in Korea has diverse cultural, historical values, such as the then phases of the times, life phase, culture and art, etc. because it was developed on the basis of the harmony between nature and artificial structures. However, in reality, it's urgent to do efficient, continuous maintenance of traditional gardens which are being damaged and lost due to the problems like an owner's aging, inheritance, and lack of management, etc., especially in case of private property which was designated as a cultural property among such traditional gardens under the Cultural Properties Protection Law. Accordingly, this study conducted this research in a bid to use these research results as basic evidentiary materials for suggesting directivity in introduction of park planning of traditional gardens in folk houses in the near future by implementing the case investigation of transformation into public parks from traditional private gardens in Japan, which is putting the newly introduced park planning to efficient use, together with its systematic management, and the survey on domestic traditional gardens in folk houses status, as well as the hearing-based survey on a traditional gardens in folk houses owner's level of willingness to accept the introduction of parking planning. As a result, this study could confirm that in case of traditional gardens in Japan, they are mobilizing the revenue from admission fees for traditional gardens maintenance by incorporating the main entity of possession, and Japan is promoting transformation of traditional gardens into parks on the basis of use and preservation through the connection with local governments and research institutes. In addition, as a result of surveying domestic traditional gardens in folk houses, it was found that most of the garden owners had hardships in its management, and they were positive about systematic maintenance of gardens through park planning.