• Archives of design research
• /
• v.14
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 1996

To analyze the design education of elementary school in the united states, the content of Discover art, one of the popular art textbooks for elementary school student, has been examined. Focusing on the developmental stage and sequential curriculum across all grades, design principles, color and criteria of design are investigated. The subjects studied are as follows: an introduction of new word or concept of design principles and color, repetition of the learning, the number of color taught, looking at products of design and making design at each grade level. The curriculum of design principles is well composed, but line, shape and form parts are redundant throughout all grades. The learning order of the color at one grade is well organized but the repetition is too much. The portion of design part is too small. It is adequate that the history of design is introduced at grade 5 where children start to learn history. However, it should be more strengthened for the continuous development of design ability. Looking at product design is introduced before grade 4, and making product design is taught just once at grade 4, although sequential learning is necessary in late elementary grades.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.571-587
• /
• 1998

This paper reviews and analyzes the conceptions of science achievement in the United States and Korean reform documents, including those on science content standards(NSES, Porject 2061, and Korean 7th science curriculum), performance standards(New Standards, and Survey of Ecucational Achievement in Korean Elementary and Secondary Schools), and large-scale assessment framworks(1996 NAEP, TIMSS, The National Assessment of Science Inqury Abilities, The National Assessment of Science Knowledge, and The National Assessment of Affective Characteristics related to Science). The analysis of these documents indicates that there is an overall agreement on the conceptions of science achievement. The documents consistently emphasize high achievement in terms of knowledge and abilities in scientific, technological, social, and environmental perspectives. In addition, these documents define science achievement at different developmental levels and at certain depths of knowledge and abilities for all students. Despite the overall agreement, there are also noticeable variations among the documents because of different contexts and purposes. There is a difference in the balance of representations or emphases among content and process standards in the documents. The conceptions of science achievement in the Korean documents are not as comprehensive or inclusive as those in the United States documents. There is no representation of the mathematical world, the nature of science, historical perspectives, unifying concepts, or scientific communication. From these results, two conclusions are drawn. First, more coherent conceptions of science achievement are needed for common understanding among educators and the public. Second, efforts are needed for developing more comprehensive and inclusive conceptions of science achievement in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.57-79
• /
• 2001

[Go-Choseon], the first volume of Samgukyusa, is composed of two parts, the part of myth and that of history. There are very similar divinities between Hwanwoong in the myth of Dangun and YanDi-ShenNong of China: the solar divinity essential for survival of mankind and agriculture, the agriculture divinity said to have taught fanning, the medicine divinity said to have taught the characteristics of herbs and how to prevent diseases, the cultural hero who delivered civilization, and son on. During the transition from the age of myth to the age of history, the roles of gods had changed from the creation of the world to civilization and rule. The roles of Hwanwoong and YanDi-ShenNong were civilization and it was related with their divinities. Hence, regardless of a little difference, the myth of Hwanwoong and that of YanDi-ShenNong were created at the same stage of spiritual and material civilizations of Korea and China. This paper looks at the essence of [Wiseo] and the age of Hwanwoong through historical records. In my opinion, [Wiseo] is not a chinese history' book. The record, "According to [Wiseo] there had been Dangun-Wanggum 2,000 years ago" indicates the time [Wiseo] was written. 'Wi' means Wlman-choseon. Going back about 2,000 years from Wiman-choseon, the historical dates of the establishment of [Go-Choseon] almost dovetails to the age of King 'lao. So, there is a possibility that [Wiseo] is a history book of Wiman-Choseon dynasty which was written to prove the legitimacy of the dynasty by showing it succeeded to the Dangilll-Choseon dynasty. The sentences, "governed the country for 1,500 years" and "conferred Gija the position of king of Choseon" are very important records showing the age of the establishment of Dangun-Choseon. Gija came to Choseon in B.C 1122 when Yin replaced Zhou in the Choinese Continent. From the fact that Dangun had governed Choseon, we could reason out that Go-Choseon was established in B.C. 2622 that is much eariler than the era of king Yao, and that corresponds 'With the era of HuangDi(B.C 2698-2358). Hence, the era of Hwanwoong, the father-god of Dangun, might be later than B.G 3000 which conforms to the era of YanDi-ShenNong(B.C 3218-2600). Therefore, this paper contends lhat Hwanwoong and YanDi-ShenNong played the role of civilization in the same era [Go-Choseon], the first volume of Samgukusa is philologically very valuable material for research on the origin of Korean nation and its ancient history.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.48-67
• /
• 2013

This study was focused on the recognition of historical values and the establishment of conservation schemes for a Silla stone monument in Bongpyeong-ri, Uljin by combining the humanistic investigation of inscription reinterpretation and the scientific conservational diagnosis of deterioration. According to the investigation of inscription, a total of 13 letters were reconsidered compared to the preceding researches. Thus, the meaning and interpretation of previous inscription was partially changed. This monument is composed of gneissose leucogranite and the most suitable site as provenance of the stone would be the Jukbyeon seashore (2.1km). The site shows similar color, size and composition of minerals, gneissose structure and magnetic susceptibility as the Bongpyeong stone monument. This monument developed a structural crack (crack index 0.4) and a microcrack (crack index 2.0) along the gneissose structure. The horizontal strength is weaker than the vertical strength. Therefore, the cracks should be reinforced and treated. However, consolidating is not urgently needed because the total weathering grade by ultrasonic velocity shows the stage of moderate weathering(3,403m/s, 0.32). Also, the major problems of chemical deterioration are blackening (85.2%) with soil, iron oxide,rubbing mark, and salt crystals (17.3%) from the sea. Therefore, the contaminants and the salt crystals should be removed using pressure spray and pulp paper, while the application of poultice should be examined through clinical tests.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.100-119
• /
• 2016

The concept of "original form" and the principle of "maintaining the original form" take center stage in conservation, management, and promotion of the domestic heritage. Introduced in the 20th century, there were little discussion or deliberation about the concept of "original form" therefore it remains a vague and somewhat abstract notion subject to individual interpretation. Without a specified practical meaning, "maintaining the original form" became the fundamental principle for heritage conservation and management in the 1999 version of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, engendering difficulties in applying the principle in practice. Conceived as an important first step toward resolving the issues stemming from the indistinct concept of "original form," this paper explores the process through which the concept was introduced to Korea and then established and developed as a legal principle for heritage conservation, management, and promotion. While the examination of the related documents and various cases shows that the development of the concept of "original form" has centered on specific periods and architectural styles, this essay explicates that the notion "original form" is commonly used as a term referring to the form at the earliest possible temporality. It also explains that this view emanates from perceiving heritages not as multivalent objects, but as a material object that exclusively carries aesthetic and, more importantly, historical value, and that comes from the history awareness of the times. This essay suggests that the concept "original form" should be reestablished with full consideration of the diverse values of heritage and diverse forms through which heritage can be expressed. After reviewing the feasibility and practicality of the concept a set of concrete guidelines should be presented for application in practice.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.91-110
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the understanding of pi of elementary gifted students and explore improvement direction of teaching pi. The results of this study are as follows. First, students understood insufficiently the property of approximation, constancy and infinity of pi from the fixation on 'pi = 3.14'. They mixed pi up with the approximation of pi as well. Second, they had a inclination to understand pi as algebraic formula, circumference by diameter. Third, few students understood the property of constancy and infinity of pi deeply. Lastly, the discussion activity provided the chance of finding the idea of the property of approximation of pi. In conclusion, we proposed several methods which improve the teaching of pi at elementary school.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.04a
• /
• pp.108-109
• /
• 2010

IMPACT Silver 주식회사는 Zacualpan 프로젝트의 Royal Mines(이하 로얄 광산)을 인수했다. $124.5\;km^2$에 해당하는 지역의 소유권은 두 개의 멕시코 사기업으로부터 가행중인 광산의 채굴권 구입과 운영 중인 기반시설의 임대를 조건으로 한다. 프로젝트 지역은 멕시코시티로부터 남서방향으로 100 km와 Taxco Silver 광산으로부터 북서방향으로 25 km 떨어진 지점에 위치한다. 기반시설은 비포장 도로, 충분한 전력과 물의 공급 및 숙련공들을 갖추어 우수한 평가를 받고 있다. 소유권은 멕시코인의 개인소유 하에서 무한한 매장량 혹은 자원량을 갖고 운영된 채광과 가공시설을 인수하는 것이다. 소유권 지역을 대상으로 한 IMPACT Silver사의 주 탐사목적은 이미 알려진 광화대의 확장을 위한 잠재성 평가와 다른 지역에서 신규 광상의 유망지역을 발견하는 것이다. Zacualpan 프로젝트의 로얄 광산은 남동 Guerrero terrane의 북부에 위치한다. Teloloapan subterrane은 주로 저변성 녹색편암상으로 구성된 쥬라기 후기에서 백악기 초기의 화산성 퇴적층으로 구성된다. 대부분의 유망지역은 Lower Villa de Ayala층의 중성 내지 염기성 화산성 쇄설암을 모암으로 한다. 다상의 변성작용은 지역 전반에 걸쳐 나타나고, Zacualpan 광산지역에서 수반되는 광화작용을 규제한다. Zacualpan 광산지역은 Sierra Madre del Sur로 알려진 유망 광화대에 해당한다. 이 지역은 화산성 괴상 황화광상과 천열수 맥상광상이 우세하다. 대부분의 천열수 광화작용은 3.2-3.8억 년 전 마그마의 생성이 활발한 판구조 체제 동안 발생하였다. 역사적으로 가장 주요한 지역은 Lipton Vein이다. 현재 Zacualpan 지구에서 채광량은 은 200-500 g/t 정도로 보고되고 있다. 일부 지역은 고품위 은 광화작용(은 1,000 g/t 이상)을 수반하고 있으며, 이는 탐사의 주 타겟이 되고 있다. Zacualpan에서 은 광화작용은 은이 부화된 중유황 천열수 맥상광상으로 상당히 유명하다. Fresnillo, Pachuca 및 Taxco 광산을 포함한 멕시코 소유의 대규모의 잘 알려진 광산들이 이에 해당한다. 이러한 광산들은 부산물로서 금, 아연, 연이 생산된다. 이러한 광상들은 맥상과 각력상 및 산점상 또는 망상세맥의 형태로 산출된다. 광화작용은 석영과 탄산염 맥 내에 주로 황철석과 다양한 섬아연석, 방연석, 은 혹은 금 광물들을 수반한다. 경제성을 갖는 광화작용의 수직적인 연장은 평균적으로 대략 300 m이고, 멕시코 중부에 위치한 Fresnillo의 광화작용은 100 m에서 960 m의 연장을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 아주 오랫동안 Zacualpan에서 광산관계자의 관측과 IMPACT Silver에서 최근 작업의 결과를 토대로, Zacualpan 광산지역의 탐사모델은 새로운 광상의 탐사를 위한 가이드로서 개발되었다. Zacualpan 광산지역에서 가장 높은 경제성을 갖는 광화작용은 북서와 남북방향의 맥 구조를 따라 수반된다. 이러한 맥 구조들은 종종 이 지역을 가로질러 수 km까지 추적되지만, 경제성을 갖는 광화작용은 맥 구조를 따라서 구조적으로 유리한 지역에서 부광대를 형성한다. 부광대를 형성하기 위한 가장 유리한 구조적 지역은 북서와 남북방향으로 발달한 맥 구조들이 교차하는 지역이다. 지난 30년간 채광된 주요 부광대는 폭이 2-6 m 이고 수평연장은 30-150 m 그리고 수직연장은 230-300 m에 이른다. 가장 높은 생산량을 보이는 부광대는 남북방향의 이차 맥들이 Guadalupe 광산의 Lipton 맥을 가로지르는 지역에서 발달한다. 남동쪽으로 현재 Compadres 광산의 Silver Shoot No. 1으로부터 고품위 은을 생산하는 지역은 북서방향의 San Agustin 맥이 북향의 Cometa Navideno 맥에 의해 절단되는 지역에서 산출한다. 모암은 광화작용을 규제하는 또 다른 중요한 요소이다. 광산지역에서 경제성을 갖는 모든 광화작용은 중성 내지 염기성 화산암 특히 안산암과 관련 모암에 배태된다. 부광대가 셰일 혹은 편암으로 전이되는 지역에서, 맥들은 소규모의 세맥으로 나뉘어 진다. Zacualpan의 전형적인 천열수 광상에서 부광대는 상부로 가면서 은의 함량이 증가하고, 하부로 가면서 연 아연의 함량이 증가하는 수직적 대상을 보인다. 금의 함량 변화는 보다 예측이 어려우나 상당히 중요하다. Zacualpan 광산지역의 탐사모델에 사용된 토양 채취, 정밀지도제작, 트렌치 및 시추탐광은 현재 IMPACT Silver사가 이 지역을 대상으로 한 가장 효율적인 탐사방법으로 입증되었다. Zacualpan 프로젝트의 로얄 광산은 하루 500 톤을 제련하는 기반시설과 수반된 채굴권을 갖는 가행 광산들을 포함한다. 현재 IMPACT Silver사는 두 곳의 타겟 지역에서 정밀지도제작, 토양 및 암석 채취, 12공 총 1866 m의 시추탐광에 의한 사전조사로 구성된 4 단계 탐사를 수행했다. 암석 1,953개, 토양 1,631 개, 389 개의 시추코어 시료가 채집되고 분석되었다. 이러한 작업은 추가탐사를 요구하는 수많은 유망 광화대를 규명했다. Compadres 광산에서 현재 가행중인 지하갱 시료는 레벨 1에서 0.9 m의 폭을 갖는 광체에서 은 680 g/t과 금 0.3 g/t, 레벨 3에서 1.67 m의 폭을 갖는 광체에서 은 12,591 g/t과 금 12.07 g/t의 품위를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 레벨 1에서 3까지 2-3 m의 폭과 30-40 m 연장으로 채광되었다. 시추탐광은 고품위를 갖는 몇몇의 중첩된 맥을 발견했다. Compadres 광산에서 남동방향으로 200 m지점에 위치한 Soledad 지역에서 5 개의 시추공으로부터 동일 맥 시스템이 발견되었고, 고품위 부광대의 상부로 간주되는 몇몇 중요 지점이 발견되었다. 초기 단계의 탐사는 유망 시추탐광 지역인 중간정도 내지 고품위 유망 광화대를 규명했다.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.65-88
• /
• 2011

Epistemological development process of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is considered in a history of mathematical notions and the genetic process of the Fundamental Theorem is arranged by the order of geometric, algebraic and formalization steps. Based on this, we studied students' episte- mological obstacles and error and analyzed the content of textbooks related the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Then, We developed the "Folding Back Model" of the fundamental theorem of calculus for students to lead meaningful faithfully. The Folding Back Model consists of "the Framework of thou- ght"(figure V-1) and "the Model of genetic understanding of concept"(figure V-2). The framework of thought in the Folding Back Model is included steps of pedagogical intervention which is used "the Monitoring working questions"(table V-3) by the mathematics teacher. The Folding Back Model is applied the Pirie-Kieren Theory(1991), history of mathematical notions and students' epistemological obstacles to practical use of instructional design. The Folding Back Model will contribute the professional development of mathematics teachers and improvement of thinking skills of students when they learn the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2008

The Unhyungung Water Container in the possession of the Seoul Museum of History in Korea is consisted of a calcareous marble developed laminated bedding and numerous argillaceous veinlets. This monument should need to conservation treatment because of black discoloration and seriously numerous cracks. Vertical and horizontal cracks in the monument are developed following stratification and argillaceous veinlets that are relatively low coherence between the rock materials. We have proved that the material inducing discoloration on the surface is carbon which is formed by deposited organic matters. As the result of the ultrasonic measurements, although highly surface weathering degree, the physical properties of the Unhyungung Water Container is confirmed slightly weathered state. The depths of cracks in the monument are calculated at maximum 60mm in some cracks completely penetrating into the wall and at minimum 9mm in the other crack. The cracks, developed following veinlet, are revealed that there penetrate from an outer wall to an inside wall for the monument. And most depths of cracks, developed following stratification, are calculated 20 to 30mm. This result will offer a significant data for conservation of the Unhyungung Water Container.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.28-35
• /
• 1994

Research on biological aspects on adult depression has been subjected to more than 25 years of systematic research, while biologic investigations regarding childhood and adolescent depression are only now being initiated. Although no unifying, explanatory theory of the biologic etiology of childhood depression emerges from the results of studies reviewed above, the findings do support that biological factors may be involved in the genesis of childhood depression. The research reviewed in this paper suggests that age and pubertal factors have major effects in most biological markers of depression. Some of these markers, like sleep EEG and neuroendocrine markers should be broken down by decades during adult life span. Thus, although adult data are very valuable points of departure for biological research on child and adolescent depression, it is very hard to transfer the adult data to prepubertal children and adolescents, ignoring the biological changes that take place in growth and development, pubety and aging. A great deal of work in basic developmental neuroscience remains to be done. It will be crucial for further advances in this field to determine the normal patterns of neurotransmitter interaction in this age group and to study children at high risk for depression. It will be also crucial to use primate models of depressive illness in order to be able to answer the many queations that cannot be investigated in humans for ethical issues. Conclusively, much closer collaboration between developmental and neurobiological and behavioral studies in primates and in humans will be essential for further development.