• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.874-883
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• 2018

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the risk of fracture by decreasing the mass and strength of bone. It is caused by imbalance of osteoclast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption. Bone formation by osteoblast is activated via bone morphogenetic proteins and runt-related transcription factor 2. $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling and bone resorption by osteoclast are initiated by the binding of receptor activator of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ligand and receptor activator of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$. Menopausal women are at risk for many diseases due to hormonal imbalances, and osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disorder in 30% of postmenopausal women. When estrogen is deficient, bone resorption of osteoclasts is promoted, and the risk of osteoporosis especially increases in postmenopausal women. Hormone replacement therapy has been widely used to relieve or treat the symptoms of menopausal syndrome. However, long-term administration of hormone therapy has been associated with a high risk of side effects, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer. Recently, phytochemicals have been actively studied as a phytoestrogen, which has an estrogen-like activity to cope with symptoms of menopausal syndrome. Therefore, in this review, we investigated the differentiation mechanism of osteoblast and osteoclast and the role of estrogen and phytoestrogen in bone metabolism in relation to previous studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2017

Blood flow restriction(BFR) exercise is defined as low and short lengthexercise with pneumatic pressure belts at the top of the limbs. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of walking exercise with BFR on body composition, growth hormone, and muscle damage markers in obese women. Eleven obese women(> BMI 25kg/m2&> body fat 30%) wore pneumatic pressure belts at both femurs and performed walking exercise twice per day, 3days/wk for 4 week (walking 2min; resting 1min). Body weight, BMI and body fat significantly decreased after exercise(p<0.05), while% body fat was slightly decreased after exercise, although this difference was not significant. Growth hormones increased slightly after exercise, although not significantly. Muscle damage markers (CK(p<0.05), LDH(p<0.05) and K+(p<0.01 increased significantly after exercise, but Mb was did not change significantly. These results suggest that 4-weeks ofblood flow restriction exercisecould be used to prevent and treat obesity and related chronic diseases, as well as metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the effects were similar to those observed in response to high intensity resistance programs, despite the short period for which BFR were conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.699-710
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise on lung function, blood vitamin D, calcium and bone metabolism hormones in elderly women who are over 65 years by dividing them into a combined exercise group(n=13), control group(n=17). The combined exercise program included 60-minutes sessions 3times each week. Aerobic exercise intensity was 40-50%HRR(RPE 12-13) for 1-4 week, 50-60%HRR(RPE 13-14) for 5-8 week, and 60-70%HRR(RPE 14-15) for 9-12 week and resistance exercise intensity was set at OMNI-RES 3-4 for 1-4 week, OMNI-RES 5-6 for 5-8 week, OMNI-RES 7-8 for 9-12 week. As a result, lung function indicated that FEV₁ showed an interaction effect between group and time and FVC/FEV₁ levels significantly increased in combined exercise group. Blood vitamin D showed an interaction effect between group and time, also, significantly increased in combined exercise group and control group. Calcium showed an interaction effect between group and time, and significantly decreased in control group. Bone metabolism hormones indicated that both calcitonin and osteocalcin showed an interaction effect between group and time, osteocalcin significantly decreased in control group. For the following this conclusion, elderly women can be improved their lung function through 12 weeks combined exercise and also mitigate the blood vitamin D but there was no meaningful results of calcium and bone metabolism hormones.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.377-387
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• 2020

This study is a retrospective and descriptive research to identify the factors affecting development of spontaneous abortion in women of childbearing age. The subjects totaled 198 females aged 20~45 who had experienced childbirth or spontaneous abortion at least once, and data was collected for one month since July 2019 through self-reporting questionnaires. The results showed that the factors affecting development of spontaneous abortion were use of panty liners (daily: reference, 1~2 times a week: B=-1.74, no: B=-0.77) and antimicrobials (often or a lot: reference, small or normal: B=-0.71, no: B=0.79), occupational groups (inoccupation: reference, service industry employee: B=0.73, white collar: B=1.22, professional: B=0.63, manager: B=1.54), and exposure-risk behavior toward endocrine-disrupting chemicals (B=0.81) during pregnancy, and their explanatory power for development of spontaneous abortion was 24.4% (R²=.24). As a result, it is necessary to prevent endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure and pay attention to the occupational environment during pregnancy in order to reduce the development of spontaneous abortion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.865-870
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thyroid hormonal (TSH, $T_3$, and $T_4$) changes following weight loss by diet with regular exercise in obese women. The subjects of the present study were 7 women who were above 30% body fat. The subjects arrived into the laboratory in the morning after 12 hour overnight fasting. All subjects measured RMR, % body fat, and fat free mass at weight loss program start time, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks. All the RMR values were expressed as absolute value (kcal/day), absolute value/FFM (kcal/day/FFM), and absolute value/BSA (kcal/$m^2$/hr), and were calculated predicted RMR value minus actual RMR value. Also, correlation of blood thyroid hormonal (TSH, $T_3$, and $T_4$) secretion and RMR were analyzed. There were significant differences in weight, % body fat, and BSA following diet with exercise (p<0.05). Also, there was a difference between predicted RMR and actual RMR value following weight loss (p<0.05). We also examined the hormonal changes according to weight loss. After weight loss, the level of TSH and $T_4$ were higher than before. But there were no significant differences. Also, the level of $T_3$ was lower than rather before but there was no significant difference. Among the anthropometric factors, FFM was highly correlated (r=0.761) with actual RMR value before weight loss. Also, there was a correlation (r=0.771) with actual RMR value after weight loss. Therefore, actual RMR expressed as FFM increased in weight loss program by diet with exercise. There were no changes in the level of thyroid hormonal TSH and $T_4$.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

Objectives : Middle aged women with depression often experience hot flush symptoms. It is still unclear about the association between depression and hot flush symptoms. Therefore, we investigated hormonal profile, functional somatic symptoms, coping styles and attitude for menopause between depressed women with hot flush and those without hot flush. Methods : This study included 33 depressed patients with hot flush symptoms and 33 depressed patients without hot flush symptoms. Hot flush was confirmed through prospective daily symptom ratings for a week. Subjects' coping styles were assessed by the stress coping checklist. Somatic symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-15(PHQ-15). Sex hormonal levels were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. The Brief World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument(WHOQOL-BREF) was used to evaluate quality of life. Results : In coping style, depressed women with hot flush symptoms used less 'problem-centered coping'($13.15{\pm}3.17$) and 'search for social support'($11.83{\pm}2.84$) than those without hot flush symptoms($15.17{\pm}3.1$, p=0.028 ; $14.25{\pm}3.22$, p=0.009 ; respectively). Depressed women with hot flush symptoms showed more negative attitude toward post-menopause, but its statistical significance was marginally insufficient(p=0.059). We did not find any group differences in sex hormonal levels and somatic complaints assessed by the PHQ-15. The score of social relationship domain of WHOQOL-BREF was significantly lower in subjects with hot flush symptoms($8.62{\pm}2.04$) than subjects without hot flush symptoms($9.71{\pm}1.65$ ; p=0.044). Conclusions : Among middle aged women with depression, the manifestation of hot flush symptoms was associated with coping styles and attitude for menopausal transition. Hot flush symptoms in depressed women negatively influence quality of life, so clinicians actively perform therapeutic approach in case of depressed patients with hot flush symptoms. In case of depressed patients who present hot flushes, cognitive behavior therapy or stress management might be an effective treatment option in company with antidepressants or hormonal treatment. Later, longitudinal study will be needed to evaluate risk factor, cause and effect associated with hot flush and depression.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2000

연구목적: 한국여성의 다낭성 난포증후군 환자에서 황체형성 호르몬 exon 2 유전자의 변이를 탐색하여 이들 변이와 질환과의 관련성 여부를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 21명의 다낭성 난포증후군 환자를 대상으로 황체형성 호르몬 exon 2(Trp8Arg;TGG to CGG and Ile15Thr; ATC to ACC)의 변이를 탐색하였다. 혈액에서 Genomic DNA를 추출하여 PCR로 증폭한 후 RFLP 방법으로 변이형을 구분하였다. 결과: 황체형성 호르몬 exon 2의 변이형이 다낭성 난포증후군 환자에서 28.6%로 이미 조사된 바 있는 대조군의 16.7% 보다 약간 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 결론: 황체형성 호르몬 exon 2의 변이가 한국인의 다낭성 난포증후군 발병과 관련이 있는지를 밝히기 위해 더 많은 개체에 대한 연구가 요구된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the association among bone mineral density (BMD), biochemical bone markers, nutrients, and salt intake in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. We evaluated 431 subjects who visited a health promotion center of a university hospital between January 2008 and July 2009. We excluded those who were taking medications or who had an endocrine disorder affecting osteoporosis. The subjects were divided into premenopausal (n = 283) and postmenopausal (n = 143) women. We evaluated the correlation among BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femoral, as well as biochemical bone markers, hormone, serum profiles, general characteristics, nutrient intakes, and food intake frequencies. From a stepwise multiple regression analysis, lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with osteocalcin (OC)(p < 0.001), Femoral neck BMD was positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with C-telopeptide (CTx) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)(p < 0.001, p < 0.05). In premenopausal women, femoral total BMD was positively correlated with BMI (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with CTx (p < 0.001). In postmenopausal women, lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with calcium intake (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with sodium intake (p < 0.01). Femoral neck and femoral total BMD were both positively correlated with weight (p < 0.001), and femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with age and ALP (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). Femoral total BMD was negatively correlated with age and OC (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). These results suggest that reducing sodium intake may play an important role delaying bone resorption and preventing a decrease in BMD.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the distribution of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) genotypes in infertile Korean women and to evaluate the relationship between FSHR genotypes and clinical outcomes of IVF-ET cycles. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood in 1, 020 of infertile Korean women. Genotypes of FSHR at Thr307Ala (T/A) and Asn680Ser (N/S) were screened by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Clinical outcomes related to the genotypes of FSHR were evaluated in IVF-ET cycles (n=302) with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) of infertile women under 40 years old. Results: In a population of 1, 020 infertile Korean women, the frequency of TT/NN, TA/NS and AA/SS for the major variant Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser was 44.80%, 41.96% and 10.49%, respectively. There was no significant difference in characteristics of ovarian response and clinical pregnancy rate among the major genotypes of FSHR in IVF-ET cycles with COH. However, implantation rate of AA/SS patients was significantly higher than that of TT/NN patients (24.5% vs 15.7%, p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that FSHR genotype was not directly associated with ovarian response in IVF-ET cycles with COH. The relationship between clinical outcomes and FSHR genotypes of patients should be substantiated by further studies.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.576-580
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• 2006

Pulmonary endometriosis is an uncommon disease, and usually detected by catamenial hemoptysis. Treatment of pulmonary endometriosis may be medical(hormone therapy) or surgical. Since hormone therapy may cause sterility, most of patients who wish to conceive usually choose surgical resection. Although video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) has advantage of small scar, reducing postoperative pain and shortening hospital stay, it is not easy to locate the precise lesion and resect whole endometrial tissue not to be remained. 17 years old female with catamenial hemoptysis was treated sucessfully with a partial resection of the lung using VATS, and has been asymptomatic for 7months since the operation.