• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2014

A survey was carried out regarding university students' recognition of high-caffeine energy drinks in an effort to identify and improve problems as well as provide basic data. Most of the subjects had previous experience of energy drink consumption. Studies showed that most students consumed energy drinks when studying. Regarding frequency of energy drink consumption, most students' responded "1~6 times a year"; female students showed lower frequency of energy drink consumption than male students. Both male and female students used convenience stores to purchase energy drinks. In most cases, students became aware of energy drinks through advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The most important factor affecting their energy drink purchase and consumption status was taste. The most frequent adverse effect they experienced after drinking an energy drink was unusual heart-pounding, whereas the biggest problem caused by energy drink consumption was addiction. This study indicates that students should have a better understanding of the problems associated with excessive and prolonged high-caffeine intake. In addition, instructions for proper purchasing and consumption of high-caffeine energy drinks should be provided as well as education and campaigns concerning symptoms caused by high-caffeine energy drink consumption so that students may refrain from excessive consumption. Further, civil organizations and the government need to devise effective measures for proper regulation of high-caffeine energy drink consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.460-471
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate intake-related factors of energy drinks and educational needs regarding energy drinks in female high school students. Methods: Subjects were 340 female high school students in Incheon, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Subjects who had drunk energy drinks were 74.3% (249 subjects) of all subjects. The first time they drank an energy drink was significantly associated with grade (p < 0.05). In 75.1% of 249 subjects who had drunk energy drinks, the places for buying energy drinks were supermarkets and convenience stores near their homes. For the effects of energy drink intake, sleeplessness (44.6%) and no effect (41.7%) were cited, and 24.5% experienced side effects such as palpitation, tremors, etc. The scores for self-diagnosis of caffeine addiction were significantly higher in the low weight group compared to the overweight group (p < 0.05). The degree of caffeine addiction was significantly associated with effects of energy drink intake (p < 0.001) and type of side effects (p < 0.001). Willingness to stop consuming energy drinks (p < 0.001) and necessity of nutrition education about energy drinks (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the caffeine addiction group compared to the general group. About 75.0% of subjects wanted to be educated about the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine. Conclusion: This study shows that female high school students need proper education about the effects of intake of energy drinks. Therefore, guidelines and a nutrition education program right intake of energy drinks should be provided as well as campaigns concerning the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine in female high school students.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.35-43
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• 2019

This study was conducted in order to identify consumption and experience of adverse effects of high-caffeine energy drink among high school students. This study was a descriptive survey including 245 students in D city. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ${\chi}^2$ test. In the results, 79.5% of the students had previous experience of energy drink consumption. 50.6% of students were experienced adverse effects, mainly palpitation. Among the general characteristics, there was a significant difference according to the experience of high-caffeine energy drink consumption depending on monthly allowance(p=.019) and drinking(p=.033), and a significant difference from adverse effects depending on gender(p=.001) and health condition(p=.006). Also, there was a significant difference according to the experience of adverse effects depending on drinking reason(p=.040) and drinking time(p=.005). After, policy measures are needed to limit the sale of high-caffeine energy drinks and continuous health education is needed to foster the ability of students to control themselves.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

This study is an exploratory study on the package design research strategy for the activation of the energy drink market. We analyzed the case study of energy drinks and the preference of energy beverage package design which are being sold in Korea and overseas from Oct. 24 to 28, 2016. The results of this study are as follows: First, preference is given to two colors, blue and red, regarding the color of package design of energy drinks. In particular, blue was the most preferred at 62.8%, and the reason for choosing color was the image that reminds me of energy drinks, and it was highly visible. Second, most preference of energy drinks for packaging material was selected from can and glass materials, and most preferred for can. Third, preference for calligraphy was found to be due to the dynamic images of energy drink preferring rough images. Fourth, package design awareness focused on overall image rather than one factor. The limitations of the study are the research subjects only to university students in Daejeon and Chungnam area. In the future, it will be necessary to classify the overall elements of package design and various research subjects, and to study the major consumption and consumption areas of energy drinks. In this study, it is implied that the design of the package needs a package design strategy in accordance with the overall product image, rather than focusing on one factor.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.45-50
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• 2020

This study used data from the 15th (2019) Youth Health Behavior Online Survey. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between oral health behaviors and drink intake and oral symptoms in adolescents. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN 25.0 program, a software for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analysis using oral symptoms as a dependent variable revealed that gender, school classification, academic performance, dental treatment experience, carbonated beverages, energy drinks, and sweet drink intake were associated with oral symptoms. Based on the above results, consumption of carbonated beverages, energy drinks, and sweet beverages was found to have a negative effect on oral symptoms. In the future, it is thought that oral health education related to drinking intake will be needed by setting guidelines for sugar intake.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2015

Recently, energy drink consumption is rising. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of energy drink on enamel erosion by measuring pH and titratable acidity in energy drink on the market. pH and titrable acidity in drink were measured by selecting 3 kinds of energy drinks with high sales volume among energy drinks on the domestic market. To evaluate the erosion level of normal enamel, the erosion level was measured by using a surface micro-hardness after soaking it in drink for 1 minute, for 3 minutes, for 5 minutes, for 10 minutes, and for 30 minutes while using 10 pieces of bovine specimens per each group. All the energy drinks were containing citric acid. As for pH in drinks, pH of Burn intense was the lowest with $2.51{\pm}0.01$. Hotsix stood at $3.16{\pm}0.01$. Redbull stood at $3.37{\pm}0.00$. In pH 5.5, the titrable acidity of Burn intense was 3.59 ml. Redbull was 3.43 ml. Hotsix was 1.92 ml. All the energy drinks were reduced the surface micro-hardness according to a rise in time of immersion. Following the 30-minute treatment in drinks, the surface micro-hardness value was indicated to be the lowest in Redbull with $119.72{\pm}15.16$ VHN. It was shown to be in order of Hotsix $208.75{\pm}10.99$ and Burn intense $210.47{\pm}8.01$. Hotsix and Burn intense had no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Accordingly, all the energy drinks, which were used in the experiment, caused the tooth enamel erosion. Among them, Redbull led to the largest enamel erosion. Thus, energy drink containing citric acid and low pH can cause the enamel erosion. However, it is thought to be necessarily progressed by considering factors of influencing etching a little more diversely by additionally analyzing intraoral factors, acid kinds, and even the content in calcium, phosphate and fluoride.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2021

This study examined yearly trend of sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) intake and compared nutritional status by SSB intake level in middle school students aged 12~14 years(n=2,543) using the data from 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SSB included carbonated drinks, sports drinks, and caffeinated drinks contained added sugar. Subjects were classified into three groups by SSB intake level obtained from 24-hour recall method: SSB 1(SSB intake 0 g/d), SSB 2(0 g/d < SSB intake < 50th percentile) and SSB 3(SSB intake ≥ 50th percentile). Result of daily intake of SSB was 76.1±6.2 g/d for boys and 59.5±4.7 g/d for girls and it was increased significantly for boys(p-trend 0.0004) and girls(p-trend 0.0038) by year. The most intakes were carbonated drinks followed by fruit juices and sports drinks for boys and girls. Percentage of daily intake compared to the dietary reference was increased for energy and iron while was decreased for calcium and vitamin C toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of excess intake of energy/fat was increased significantly for boys(p=0.0091) and girls(p<0.0001) toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of calcium deficiency was 86.8~94.9% for boys and girls and it was very high. Therefore, it should be emphasized to reduce SSB intake and drink plain water without added sugar, etc. and milk as a source of calcium for improving nutritional status of middle school students through dietary education and social support.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between the frequency of consumption of sports drinks and energy drinks and aerobic physical activity in the 6-29 year old group in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The sociodemographic characteristics, aerobic physical activity, and beverage intake of the subjects were calculated using composite sample descriptive statistics, and the mean difference between groups was analyzed by cross-tabulation, χ²-test, and binary logistic regression analysis. High-intensity aerobic activity was analyzed as an increase in the intake frequency of sports drinks(ionic drinks, vitamin drinks) and energy drinks(high-caffeine drinks) (p<0.05). Compared to moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity, high-intensity aerobic physical activity was analyzed as a factor influencing the increase in beverage intake frequency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption, which is a critical issue for promoting health both now and in the future, and to developed an intervention program based on the findings. Through this study, we aimed to gather basic data that can help people live healthy lives, and raise both individual and societal awareness of the importance of making better beverage choices.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.95-113
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• 2021

This study examined the food group and dietary nutrient intakes by sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) intake level in high school students aged 15~18 years(n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into three groups by SSB(included carbonated drinks, sports drinks, and caffeinated drinks that contained added sugars) intake level obtained from 24-hour recall method: SSB 1(SSB intake 0 g/d), SSB 2(0 g/d < SSB intake < 50th percentile) and SSB 3(SSB intake ≥ 50th percentile). Result of daily intakes of SSB were 160.6±10.5 g/d for boys and 98.6±7.1 g/d for girls and it increased for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0280) by year. The highest intakes were carbonated drinks followed by fruit juices for boys and girls. Intakes of carbonated drinks increased as 2.7 times for boys(p<0.0001) and 1.6 times for girls between 2007 and 2015 year. Daily intakes of vegetables were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for boys and girls(p<0.0001), and those of fruits were lower in SSB 2 and SSB 3 than SSB 1 for boys(p=0.0013). Daily intakes of milk & milk products decreased toward SSB 3 group for boys(p<0.0001) while those were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for girls. Daily intakes of dietary fiber(21.3~25.3%) and calcium(49.6~59.8%) were very low compared to the dietary reference intakes. Percentage of daily intakes compared to the dietary reference intakes increased for energy for boys and girls(p<0.0001) while decreased for vitamin C toward SSB 3 group for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0382). Those of calcium were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0008). Ratio of excess intakes of energy/fat increased toward SSB 3 group for boys and girls(p=0.0002). Ratio of calcium deficiency was not different among groups but that was very high(85.9~92.5%). Therefore, it should be emphasized to reduce SSB intakes in order to improve diversity in food group and dietary nutrient intakes among high school students through dietary education and government support.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.353-361
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to identify the present condition of caffeinated drinks intake including energy drink. Concretely, It was investigated about stress degree, study attitude, sleeping hours by intake degree of caffeinated drinks. Descriptive survey research was designed. A total of 371 students in M university was participated. Data were collected through a questionnaire (from October 22, 2012. to October 26, 2012). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, scheffe's test, using the SPSS version 17.0. There were no significant differences between caffeinated drinks intake's degree including energy drink. Most of students thought caffeinated drinks intake have an effect on their health. Intake time of caffeinated drinks was before or after studying or sleepy. Caffeinated drinks intaked mostly alone. Intake causes of canned coffee or energy drink was sleepy and coffee mix, black coffee, coffee flavored milk and green tea was good taste. Stress degree, study attitude, sleeping hours by intake degree of caffeinated drinks were no significant effects between canned coffee, coffee mix, black coffee, green tea and energy drink. But, stress degree by intake degree of coffee flavored milk was significant low when it intakes more than once a day, sleeping hours was significant long when it was nondrinking.