• Clean Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-86
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• 2008

In this review we discussed the effective ways to catalytically derive value-added chemicals from propane which has been utilized only as an energy source so far. Among various propane-derived products, the most valuable chemicals such as propylene and acrylonitrile were mainly focused herein. Propylene could be manufactured through oxidative dehydrogenation of propane using $O_2,\;CO_2$, etc. as an oxidant for the purpose of overcoming thermodynamic limitations of propane dehydrogenation. On the other hand, propane ammoxidation would be an alternative to propylene ammoxidation for producing acrylonitrile since propane is much cheaper than propylene as a starting material. Although effective $MoVTeNbO_x$ catalysts have been developed fur propane ammoxidation in recent years, more detailed studies should be thoroughly performed. In carrying out both oxidative dehydrogenation and ammoxidation of propane fur a long period, the most critical issue is definitely considered to find out the most active and selective catalysts, which makes it possible to commercialize both reactions into economically viable processes.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.307-319
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• 2018

Ion-exchange membrane (IEM) has fixed charge groups and is a separation membrane which is capable of selectively transporting ions of the opposite polarity. Recently, the interest in IEMs has been increasing as the importance of the desalination and energy conversion processes using them as the key components has increased. Since the IEMs determine the efficiency of the above process, it is necessary to improve the separation performance and durability of them and also to lower the expensive membrane price, which is a hindrance to the widening application of the IEM process. Therefore, it is urgent to develop high-performance and low-cost IEMs. Among various types of IEMs, pore-filled membranes prepared by filling ionomer into a porous polymer substrate are intermediate forms of homogeneous membranes and heterogeneous membranes. The production cost would be cheap like the case of heterogeneous membranes because of the use of inexpensive supports and the reduction of the amount used of raw materials, and at the same time, they exhibit excellent electrochemical characteristics close to homogeneous membranes. In this review, major research and development trends of pore-filled IEMs, which are attracting attention as high-performance and low-cost IEMs, have been summarized and reported according to the application fields.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.37-42
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• 2001

The concerns of the toxicity and health hazard of lead in solders have demanded the research to find suitable lead-free solder alloys. It was discussed that effect of the intermetallic formation and structure on the reliability of solder joints. In this study, lead-free solder alloys with compositions of Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu, Sn/2.0Ag/0.5Cu/2.0Bi were applied to the 48 $\mu$BGA packages. Also, the lead-free solder alloys compared with eutectic Sn/37Pb solder using shear test under various aging temperature. Common $\mu$BGA with solder components was aged at $130^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ and $170^{\circ}C$. And the each temperature applied to 300, 600 and 900 hours. The thickness of the intermetallics was measured for each condition and the activation energy for their growth was computed. The fracture surfaces were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). These results for reliability of lead-free interconnections are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2012

Since Nd-Fe-B magnet was first synthesized in 1983, many new applications have emerged in the past two decades. With regard to motor market, it will expand because of strong energy saving requirements from the automobile and electric application markets. Especially, permanent magnet motors for hybrid and electric vehicles are drawing great attention and the usage of Nd-Fe-B magnets will increase all the more hereafter. There is, however, a serious problem as motors in such eco-friendly cars are said to operate in high temperatures of about $200^{\circ}C$. Nd-Fe-B magnet has a drawback of dramatically decreasing coercive force with the rise of temperature. In order to improve this aspect. the best way is to add dysprosium (Dy) into the magnet. So, Dy has become an essential element for Nd-Fe-B high-performance magnet as it helps to maintain coercive force even at high temperatures. On the other hand, the rare earth resources in the earth crust are eccentrically-located and its majority is produced in China. There is a need to reduce its usage as, especially compared to light rare earth elements as neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm), heavy rare earth elements including Dy are unevenly distributed to a dramatic degree, their output low, and their prices are about 10 times that of Nd. The present article includes a summary of the trend in research and development of motors and permanent magnets to solve rare-earth resources problem.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2018

Corn stover is known as a good candidate for a functional food ingredient when the main lignocellulosic material, lignin, is used as bioactive materials as form of polyphenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the microwave extraction conditions under which total phenolic compounds (TPC) and flavonoid contents of corn stover were maximized. Microwave-assisted extracts using sulfuric acid ranging from 0 to 1.0 mol with extraction time between 40 and 240 sec were conducted by using response surface methodology (RSM). Microwave power showed significant effects (p<0.05) and the concentrations of TPC and flavonoids increased with increased level of microwave power and extraction time. The optimum conditions for corn stover extraction were determined as 698.6 W, 240 sec, and 0 mol sulfuric acid, and the predicted value of TPC and flavonoid is 82.4 mg GAE/g DM and 18.1 mg/g DM, respectively. Microwave extraction was evaluated as an economic process with low energy consumption, short extraction and high extraction yield of bioactive including TPC and flavonoids compared to conventional extractions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.205-205
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• 2013

테라헤르쯔(terahertz: THz)파는 0.1~10 THz 의 범위로 적외선과 방송파 사이에 광대역 주파수 스펙트럼을 차지하고 있으며 직진성, 투과성, 그리고 낮은 에너지 (meV)를 가지고 있어 비 파괴적이고 무해한 장점을 지니고 있다. Ti:sapphire laser와 같은 femto-pulse source 등이 많은 발전이 되어 현재 많은 연구와 발전이 이루어지고 있다. femto-pulse source를 이용한 THz 응용에서는 높은 저항, 큰 전자 이동도, 그리고 아주 짧은 전하수명의 기판을 요구하는데 저온에서 성장한 (low-temperature grown : LT) GaAs는 격자 내에 Gallium 자리에 Arsenic이 치환 하면서 AsGa antisite가 발생하여 전하수명을 짧아지는 것을 응용하여 가장 많이 이용되고 있다. 현재 THz 응용분야에서 보다 작고 가격경쟁력이 있는 광통신을 이용한 THz photomixer등이 활발히 연구 하고 있다. 광섬유 내에서 손실과 분산이 최소값을 가지는 부분이 1.55 ${\mu}m$ 부근이고 In0.53Ga0.47As 기판을 이용하였을 때 여기에 완벽하게 만족하게 된다. 하지만 LT-InGaAs 의 경우 AsGa antisite로 인하여 carrier lifetime은 짧아지지만 높은 n-type 전하밀도를 가지게 된다. 이때 Be을 doping하여 전하밀도를 보상하여 높은 저항을 유지해야 하는데 Be의 활성화를 위해서는 열처리를 필요로 한다. 하지만 열처리를 하면 carrier lifetime이 길어지기 때문에 carrier lifetime과 저항을 적절히 조율해야 한다. 이는 물질자체의 특성이기 때문에 InGaAs는 GaAs보다 낮은 amplitude와 짧은 cut-off frequency를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 보다 높은 저항을 얻기 위하여 molecular beam epitaxy를 이용하여 semi-insulating InP:Fe 기판위에 격자 정합된 InGaAs:Be/InAlAs multi quantum well (MQW)를 온도별 ($250{\sim}400^{\circ}C$), 주기별 (50~150)로 성장을 하였고 이때 InGaAs layer의 Be doping level은 $2{\times}1018\;cm^{-3}$, Ex-situ annealing은 $550^{\circ}C$에서 10분으로 고정 하였다. THz 발생 실험에서는 InGaAs/InAlAs MQW은 4000 pA로 1,000 pA를 가지는 InGaAs epilayer보다 4배 높은 전류 신호를 얻을 수 있었고 모든 샘플이 2 THz에서 cut-off frequency를 가지고 있었다. THz 검출 실험에서는 LT-InGaAs:Be epilayer LT-InGaAs:Be/InAlAs, HT-InGaAs/InAlAs 샘플이 각각 180, 9000, 12000 pA의 전류신호를 가지고 있었고 모든 샘플이 2 THz에서 cut-off frequency를 가지고 있었다. HT-InGaAs/InAlAs MQW를 이용한 검출실험에서는 InGaAs layer가 defect free이지만 LT-InGaAs:Be/ InAlAs MQW 보다 높은 전류 신호를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 InAlAs layer가 저항만 높이는 것뿐만 아니라 carrier trapping layer로써의 역할도 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2013

반도체, LCD, MEMs 등 미세 전자소자의 제작과 깊은 관련이 있는 IT 산업은 자동차 산업과 함께 세계 경제를 이끌고 있는 핵심 산업이며, 그 발전 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 이 중 반도체, LCD 공정 기술에 관해서 대한민국은 세계를 선도하여 시장을 이끌어 나가고 있는 실정이다. 이들의 공정기술은 주로 높은 수율(yield)을 기반으로 한 대량 생산 기술에 초점이 맞추어져 있기 때문에, 현재와 같은 첨예한 가격 경쟁력이 요구되는 시대에서 공정 기술 개발을 통해 수율을 최대한으로 이끌어 내는 것이 현재 반도체를 비롯한 미세소자 산업이 직면하고 있는 하나의 중대한 과제라 할 수 있다. 특히 반도체공정에 있어 발전을 거듭하여 현재 20 nm 수준의 선폭을 갖는 소자들의 양산이 계획 있는데 이와 같은 나노미터급 선폭을 갖는 소자 양산과 관련된 CD (critical dimension)의 감소는 공차의 감소를 유발시키고 있으며, 패널의 양산에 있어서 생산 효율 증가를 위한 기판 크기의 대형화가 이루어지고 있다. 또한, 소자의 집적도를 높이기 위하여 높은 종횡비(aspect ratio)를 요구하는 공정이 일반화됨에 따라 단일 웨이퍼 내에서의 공정의 균일도(With in wafer uniformity, WIWU) 및 공정이 진행되는 시간에 따른 균일도(Wafer to wafer uniformity)의 변화 양상에 대한 파악을 통한 공정 진단에 대한 요구가 급증하고 있는 현실이다. 반도체 및 LCD 공정에 있어서 공정 균일도의 감시 및 향상을 위하여 박막, 증착, 식각의 주요 공정에 널리 사용되고 있는 플라즈마의 균일도(uniformity)를 파악하고 실시간으로 감시하는 것이 반드시 필요하며, 플라즈마의 균일도를 파악한다는 것은 플라즈마의 기판 상의 공간적 분포(radial direction)를 확인하여 보는 것을 의미한다. 현재까지 플라즈마의 공간적 분포를 진단하는 대표적인 방법으로는 랭뮤어 탐침(Langmuir Probe), 레이저 유도 형광법(Laser Induced Fluorescence, LIF) 그리고 광섬유를 이용한 발광분광법(Optical Emission Spectroscopy, OES)등이 있으나 랭뮤어 탐침은 플라즈마 본연의 상태에서 섭동(pertubation) 현상에 의한 교란, 이온에너지 측정의 한계로 인하여 공정의 실시간 감시에 적합하지 않으며, 레이저 유도 형광법은 측정 물질의 제한성 때문에 플라즈마 내부에 존재하는 다양한 종의 거동을 살필 수 없다는 단점 및 장치의 설치와 정렬(alignment)이 상대적으로 어려워 산업 현장에서 사용하기에 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 최소 50 cm에서 최대 400 cm까지 플라즈마 내 측정 거리에서 최대 20 mm 공간 분해가 가능한 광 수광 시스템 및 플라즈마 공정에서의 라디칼의 상태 변화를 분광학적 비접촉 방법으로 계측할 수 있는 발광 분광 분석기를 접목하여 플라즈마 챔버 내의 라디칼 공간 분포를 계측할 수 있는 진단 센서를 고안하고 이를 실 공정에 적용하여 보았다. 플라즈마 증착 및 식각 공정에서 형성된 박막의 두께 및 식각률과 공간 분해발광 분석법을 통하여 계측된 결과와의 매우 높은 상관관계를 확인하였다.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-51
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• 2016

This study analyzed the expected economic effects of the Korea-GCC FTA and sought strategies for industrial cooperation. To see the economic effects of Korea-GCC FTA, we analysed the effect of the oil tariff reduction of economy by Vector Autoregression(VAR) model. The estimation results shows that following the abolishment of the tariff on crude oil imports, GDP, GNI and consumption are expected to grow by 0.212%, 0.389% and 0.238%, respectively. Meanwhile, investment, export and import are estimated to drop by 0.462%, 0.413% and 0.342%, respectively. As for prices, producer prices are to rise by 6.356%p, whereas consumer prices fall by 2.996%p. In short, the Korea-GCC FTA and resultant abolishment of the tariff on crude oil imports followed by the decline in crude oil prices will result in declining prices whilst macroeconomic indices, such as GDP, GNI and consumption, will increase exerting positive effects on domestic economic growth. Also, it is necessary to proactively respond to GCC member states' industrial diversification policies for FTA-based industrial cooperation to diversify the sources of crude oil and natural gas imports for further resource risk management.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2019

The proportion of farm households in the total population is decreasing every year. The aging of rural areas is expected to deepen. The aging of agriculture is continuing due to the aging of the aged population and the decline of the young population, and agricultural manpower shortage is emerging as a threat to agriculture and rural areas. The existing facility cultivation was concentrated on the production / yield per unit area. However, nowadays, not only production but also crop quality should be good so that the quality of crops must be improved because they can secure competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the government plans to increase the productivity by hi-techization of ICT infrastructure horticulture and to plan the dissemination of energy saving smart greenhouse. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a Smart Farm convergence service system based on a hybrid algorithm to enhance diversity and connectivity. Therefore, this study aims to develop smart farm convergence service system which collects data of growth environment of the rhizosphere environment of crops by wireless and monitor smartphone.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.371-384
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• 2013

The appearance of abnormal weather caused by climate change have both direct and indirect impact on the society. Especially, agriculture is brought up as a socially important interest having direct impact of climate change in growth and harvest of crops. This study aims to perform vulnerability assessment for the South Korea's two main imported grains, maize and wheat. The production vulnerability assessment of maize and wheat in USA and China to temperature variability, which has a great impact in production, is performed. First, grain cultivation period which affects productivity of main grain production country was selected based on the main cultivation period from several references and previous studies. Then, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR5 greenhouse gas scenario RCP(representative concentration pathways)8.5 scenarios was used to select the future climate that correspond to the cultivation period of maize and wheat for each producing country. According to the result of production vulnerability analysis using adaptation (temperature changing trend) and sensitivity(temperature variability), the productivity of wheat was higher in USA, while productivity of maize was higher in China. In the future, the result showed that productivity of all two grains will be favorable in USA. The result of production vulnerability assessment through this study can later be used as a preparation data for the coming fluctuation in grain price due to climate change.