• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

An eco-washland is increasingly getting attentions as a new alternative plan for management of water resources because of role as flooding control and ecological park without social and ecological side effects. However, there is a lack of study regarding technological development and ecological guidelines to create eco-washland. This study was carried out to suggest ecological guidelines necessary for engineering process to create eco-washland. A study site was the lower reach of Seokjang stream connecting to Yimjin river, a candidate of new eco-washland, and Kumsa area in Namhan river was selected as a reference site. The analysis of ecological characteristics focused on vegetation, fishes, and birds. Major vegetation communities, composed of dominant species such as Salix koreensis, Salix gracylistyla, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites communis, etc., formed physical conditions along with other land uses including open water, sandbar, cultivated land, etc. Dominant species of fishes were some species belonging to Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae, and in case of birds Anser albifrons, Anas platyrhychos, Anas poecilorhyncha belonging to waterbirds and Paradoxornis webbinanus dependent to forest edge were dominantly distributed. The results showed that complex wetland types associated with partially deep water and upland was the optimal eco-hydrological condition of washland. Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae in case of fish and Egretta spp. (spring season) and Anas spp. (winter season) in case of bird were selected as target species for the these wetland types. Finally, a detail planning criteria to create habitats of these target species were discussed in terms of spawning, breeding, feeding, resting, refuge, nesting, etc.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.420-427
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• 2017

Recently, the depletion of fossil fuels, global warming and environmental pollution have emerged as a worldwide problem, and studies of new renewable energy sources have been progressed. Among the many renewable energy sources, the use of bio fuel has the potential to displace fossil fuels due to low price, easy to handle, and the abundant sources. Pyrolysis oil (PO) derived from waste wood and sawdust is considered an alternative fuel for use in diesel engines. On the other hand, PO is limited to diesel engines because of its low cetane number, high viscosity, high acidity, and low energy density. Therefore, to improve its poor properties, PO was mixed with alcohol fuels, such as ethanol. Early mixing with ethanol has the benefit of improving the storage and handling properties of the PO. Furthermore, a PO-ethanol blended fuel was injected separately, which can be fired through pilot-injected diesel in a dual-injection diesel engine. The experimental results showed that the substitution of diesel with blended fuel increases the amount of HC and CO, but reduces the NOx and PM significantly.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-54
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• 2017

The mound grave of Korean traditional funeral culture is a unique habitat which is a Zoysiagrass lawn being sustainable in proper management. We phytosociologically described an unusual Zoysiagrass vegetation with Gueldenstaedtia verna by the Zürich-Montpellier School's method and analyzed eco-floristic characteristics. A new association, Gueldenstaedtio-Zoysietum japonicae ass. nov. hoc loco, was identified and subdivided into festucetosum ovinae, typicum, and trifolietosum repensae. The subassociations were distinguished by the difference in species composition resulting from site accessibility and lawn management method. The association was assigned as not only a regional but also a locally-limited vegetation type, which distributes on a particular microhabitat with strong continentality in the Daegu regional subdistrict of Bioclimatological division. The Zoysiagrass vegetation of Korea was considered as a continental type apparently different from the oceanic type of Zoysion japonicae (Miscanthetea sinensis, Caricetalia nervatae). Mound graves in Korea should be acknowledged as a meaningful habitat for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and phytocoenosen, despite being a secondary grassland of Gueldenstaedtio-Zoysietum japonicae.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2008

The changes in flora and distribution and structure of vegetation were monitored for seven years at a restored reach of an urban stream, the Yangjae Stream, southeast of Seoul, Korea. In the restored reach, diverse kinds of the close-to-nature stream restoration techniques were adapted and implemented in the winter of 1998-1999. The species numbers and diversity indices of riparian plants at the restored reach were higher than those at the unrestored reach seven years after the restoration implementation. But plant diversity was decreased from the early restoration stage of 1999 - 2001 to seven years after the implementation. The dominant species changed from a ruderal annual, Humulus japonicus, to a perennial, Phragmites australis. The floral structure was distinctly different between in the early stage and seven years later on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) because of decreasing in numbers of exotic or ruderal species and planted or introduced plants in newly disturbed habitats. The distribution areas of communities of Humulus japonicus and Erigeron annuus were decreased and those of communities Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were increased after the restoration implementation. The results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of plant communities revealed that the community structure were changed from the disturbed vegetations to the stable and natural vegetation after the restoration implementation. Total seven species of willows were found at the restored reach, of which two species were planted and the others were naturally introduced. The monitoring results showed that the stream ecosystem of the study reach were successfully recovered in flora and vegetation and could be used as a model site for the stream restoration in urban streams.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.302-317
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• 2010

In this study, not only to present the management plan but also to verify the effectiveness for a area of improving the landscape and the area of creating the base of bio-inhabitation in Tancheon stream concrete embankment where were practised the vegetation-mat measures for greening via monitoring i.e. restoration progress. The results of monitoring, there were a total of 41 taxa, 18 families, 38 species, 3 varieties in 2006, moreover in the 2007, there were a total of 59 taxa, 19 families, 56 species, 3 varieties and in the period 2008, 64 taxa, 29 families, 59 species, 8 varieties. Therefore, these site has increased the plant spaces year by year. The distribution of vegetation characteristics shows that Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Pennisetum alopecuroides expands their influence in the area of applying the construction method. Those area appears a diversity of native species by the stream deposition at the flood. Thus, its condition is very soundly ecological health and eco-friend. At present, native species have been dominant, however, disturbed species and invasive species can be expected to increase dramatically in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to a long-range monitoring and management for maintaining an environmentally sound aquatic ecosystem. On this area refer to mix the river vegetation of primary succession and disturbed vegetation. For that reason, the method of constructing the vegetation-mat measures for greening in embankment does not need to remove the concrete and can install a coir-mat on the top. It leads to improve the landscape, moreover, it was analysed the such dramatic changes in the vegetation species richness by providing continuous the plant growth basis have a impact on in bio-diversity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.134-147
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• 1979

Mt. Kyeryong(828 meters in height) is located at $36^{\circ}18^{\prime}{\sim}36^{\circ}23^{\prime}$ N.L. and $127^{\circ}10^{\prime}{\sim}127^{\circ}17^{\prime}$ E.L., and also occupies three districts: Gongju-Gun, Nonsan-Gun, Daedeok-Gun. Authors surveyed the flora of the areas ten times from May to October, 1979. Variability of floras is rather high and dominant species are such as Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Lindera erythrocarpa, Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Strax japonica, Sapium japonicum, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Sorbus alnifolia, Stephanandra incisa, Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron mutcronulatum, Lespedeza bicolor, Sasa borealis, Celastrus orbiculatus, Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascans, and so on. There are 105 families, 355 genera, 679 species. According to the use of floras, they can be classified as follows; 69 familia and 287 species for edible source, 83 familia and 227 species of medicinal, 60 familia and 253 species for forage, 44 familia and 132 species for ornamental and 12 familia and 39 species for timber source.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2018

This study was performed to discover the comparison of the understory species composition and the growth velocity of the regeneration seedlings in Pinus densiflora forests being managed by the seed-tree method from 2008 year. The investigation site located in Bonghwa, Gyeongsangbuk-do province was established by eighteen quadrats such as six control ones, six slope ones and 6 concave ones, in which we carried out the vegetation survey and measured annual height growth of each seedlings. As a result of vegetation analysis, the understory vegetation of the seed-tree forest area was mainly composed of shrub plants such as Lespedeza bicolor, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Securinega suffruticosa, Lespedeza maximowiczii and Stephanandra incisa, herb plants such as Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Carex humilis var. nana, Spodiopogon sibiricus and Artemisia keiskeana, and vine plants such as Pueraria lobata, Smilax sieboldii, Dioscorea batatas, Actinidia arguta, Vitis amurensis and Rubus crataegifolius. Especially, the vine plants were relatively more imported to the concave site than the control site and the slope site. As a result of measurement of growth velocity, the seedlings of the Pinus densiflora appeared to be 3,175 trees/ha for the non-suppressed trees and 7,842 trees/ha for the suppressed trees. In cases of the concave site, individuals of seedlings were much lower than those on the slope site, probably due to the competition effects of vine plants. Consideringly, silvicultural practices for clearing the vine plants should be inevitably accompanied. Also, the growth velocity of the suppressed and non-suppressed trees has been constantly increasing, those of the non-suppressed trees much higher than the suppressed trees. This represents that the seedlings grow rapidly after the suppressed period with competition to the surrounding plants. Therefore, specific practices such as blush control and vine clear should be carried out at the beginning stage of regeneration in the seed-tree stand.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2011

This study was carried out to know the insect fauna of turf grass area in forest. In Korea, graves and public cemetery in mountain areas are usually covered by turf grass which were mainly examined. There were 86 species belonging to 77 genera of 39 families in 11 orders. Among them, site 3 had highest occurrence (38%), second was site 2 (36%) and in the last place was site 1 (26%). Hemiptera revealed best species composition (29.1%) and came Coleoptera (19.8%), Orthoptera (15.1%), Lepidoptera (12.8%) and Odonata (5.8%) etc. The reason why Hemiptera and Orthoptera are mainly found in these areas is because they usually feed on short plants that grow in there. Taxonomic species composition, occurrence ratio by site and species and comparison analysis were provided.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1984

This survey was carried out for two years from June of 1982 to May of 1984 to investigate factors influencing the Korean native goat rearing. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The daily gain of female goats from weaning age to yearling was 41.9g in average. The maximum and minimum gains were 55.1 and 30.1g, respectively. 2. The mean body weights when purchased from the market were 8.07kg for survived goats and 5.89kg for dead goats. 3. The kidding months of does were distributed throughout all the seasons, and the average litter sizes were 1.2 kids for first kidding and 2.0 kids for second kidding. 4. The amount of DM intake was 2.78% of the body weight. The DM digestibility was 62.91 % for the first pregnant goats under good feeding condition. 5. The amount of DM intake was 3.92% of the body weight. The DM digestibility was 47.01% for the growing female goats under fair feeding condition. 6. The goats seemed to prefer shrub plants to grass. About 65% of the total dry forage consumed was tumbergiana (kudzu).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.107-115
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• 2014

Vegetable oils (triacylglycerols) produced mainly in seeds of plants are used for valuable foods that supply essential fatty acids for humans as well as industrial raw materials and biofuel production. As the demanding for vegetable oils has increased, plant metabolic engineering to produce triacylglycerols in biomass such as leaves has been considered and explored for alternative source of vegetable oils. Leaves are genetically programmed to supply the fixed carbon by photosynthesis to other organs for plant development and growth. Therefore, in order to produce and accumulate triacylglycerols in leaves, one should take account of multiple metabolic pathways such as carbon flux, competition of carbohydrate and fatty acid biosynthesis, and triacylglycerols turnover in leaves. The recent metabolic engineering strategy has showed potential in which the co-expression of three genes WRINKLED1, DGAT1, and OLEOSIN involved in the critical step for increasing the fatty acid synthesis, accumulating triacylglycerols, and protecting triacylglycerols, respectively produced higher amount of vegetable oils in leaves. Developing of genetically engineered plants producing vegetable oil in biomass at non-agricultural lands will be promising to the future success of the field.