• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.215-238
• /
• 2013

This study examined the effects of mothers' rejective parenting, emotional expressivity, children's emotional regulation strategy on their social withdrawal. Participants were 223 children(121 boys, 102 girls; recruited from classes with 4-5 year olds), their mothers and 20 child care teachers. The teachers completed rating scales to measure the children's social withdrawal and emotional regulation strategies. Mothers reported their rejective parenting along with emotional expressivity. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's productive correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regressions. Results showed that mothers' rejective parenting, children's venting/support seeking strategy and avoidance/non-responsive strategy had positive relation to, whereas mother's positive expressivity were negatively related to their social withdrawal. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the interaction of mother's rejective parenting and positive expressivity predicted children's social withdrawal. Mother's rejective parenting was associated with children's social withdrawal, especially for children with the lowest level of mother's positive expressivity. In addition, the association between mother's rejective parenting and children's social withdrawal were partially mediated by their venting/support seeking strategy.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.83-98
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among toddler's symbolic play level, mother's responsiveness and verbal interaction. The subjects were 56 pairs of 24-29 months old toddlers and their mothers. The toddler's symbolic play level was classified using categories by Gowen(1995). The mother's verbal interaction was coded during a 10-minute-free play session with her toddler using Caldera, Huston, and O'Brien's(1989) categories. PICCOLO(The Parenting Interactions with Child Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes) by Roggman, Cook, Innocenti, Jump, Norman, & Christiansen(2009) was used to investigate the mother's responsiveness. While the mothers played with their toddlers during a 10-minute-free play session, their interaction were videotaped. The data were analyzed by means, t-test, and correlations. The results of the study were as follows: First, the mean levels of the toddler's symbolic play were in level 3, 'the pretending others'. Also girls spent more symbolic play time with mothers than boys. Second, mothers' responsiveness was generally high in free play with their toddlers. Mothers frequently used 'questions' 'comments' and 'fantasy statements'. Mothers with girls used more 'questions' than mothers with boys. Third, there was a significant relationship among toddler's symbolic play level, mother's responsiveness and verbal interaction. Maternal responsiveness and 'fantasy statements' were positively related with the mean level, and the frequency of play. The 'questions' and 'answers' were also related with symbolic play level and frequency. But 'praise' was negatively related with symbolic play frequency. In conclusion, this study suggested that toddler's symbolic play level was related with mother's responsiveness and verbal interaction during free play.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.127-152
• /
• 2012

The research investigates the attitudes toward children among mothers young children and maternal grandmothers, focusing specifically on the ideal number of children, gender preference, old age security and positive and negative values of children. A total of 442 respondents, consisting of 221 young mothers (average age of 35) and 221 maternal grandmothers (average age of 63) completed a questionnaire developed by Kim, Park and Kwon (2005). The reliability of the scales ranged from Cronbach α of .78 to .91. The results are as follows. First, as for the ideal number of children, young mothers reported that they would prefer two children, while grandmothers reported that they would prefer four children. As for the ideal number of male child, young mothers reported that they would prefer that they would prefer one son, while grandmothers reported two sons. Second, as for the gender of the child, young mothers did not show a gender preference, while grandmothers stated that at least one child should be a son, especially if it is the only child. Third, grandmothers had higher expectation of old age security in their male child than young mothers but two groups did not show any difference for the female child. Fourth, as for positive values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., psychological pleasure and happiness) and family cohesiveness, while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., continuing the family line and old age security. As for negative values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., parental role and responsibility), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., family conflict and relationship). Fifth, as for factors that influenced the number of children that they decided to have, young mothers were more likely to report negative values of children (i.e., financial constraints), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize positive values of children (i.e., continuing the family line).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.84-96
• /
• 1992

The present study was designed to investigate variables associated with mother-child interaction patterns of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD), and also to evaluate short-term effects of stimulant medication on the behaviors of ADHD children and their mothers during interaction. 15 ADHD boys(ages 5${\sim}$10 years) were treated with metylphenidate(0.5mg/kg per day) for 1 month, and their behaviors as well as their mothers for the 10 minute free play and 20 minute task performance period were videotaped through one-way mirror. The childrens attention was also evaluated using the Continuous Performance Task(CPT) and ratings of their hyperactive behaviors were obtained from their mother prior to the treatment. The videotaped interaction were rated according to the Response Class Matrix developed by Mash, Terdal & Anderson(1973). Results indicated that percentage of behavior of the mother and child during interaction was highly correlated with each other, which, in turn, was highly correlated with the symptom severity of the ADHD child. That is the more severe the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of ADHD, the more negative the interaction behavior pattern was. After 4 weeks of stimulant medication the mothers as well as the ADHD children showed a significant decrease in the percentage of negative-aggressive behavior during the task performance period. The results indicated that negative interaction behavior of the mothers was in large part a response to the negative behavior of their ADHD children.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.26
• /
• pp.135-164
• /
• 1995

자료분석 결과 발견된 사실들을 정리해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 직장에서 발생하는 성적 성가심에 대해 상대적으로 적극적으로 대응하는 여성들은 약 50.6%정도로 나타났다. 이 중에서도 성적 성가심에 대해서 불쾌하게 인식하는 정도도 상대적으로 높고, 불쾌감을 상대에게 표현하며 대응하는 정도도 상대적으로 높은 여성들은 전체 응답자(736명)중에서 약 40%(294명)정도 였다. 성적 성가심에 대하여 불쾌함을 인식하는 정도는 상대적으로 낮으나 상대에게 불쾌함을 표현하며 대응하는 수준은 상대적으로 높은 여성들이 약 10.7%(79명)로 나타났다. 반면에 성적 성가심에 대하여 불쾌하게 인식하는 정도도 상대적으로 낮고 불쾌함을 상대에게 표현하는 정도도 낮은 여성들이 약 32.8%(242명)나 되었다. 약 16.4%(121명)의 여성들은 성적 성가심 상황에서 불쾌하게 인식하는 정도가 상대적으로 높으면서도 상대에게 불쾌감을 표현하며 대응하는 정도는 상대적으로 낮았다. <표 4> 둘째, 직장에서 발생하는 성적 성가심 상황에서 여성이 상대에게 성적 성가심에 대한 자신의 불쾌함을 표현하며 대응하는 능력은 여성의 심리적 특성인 대인의존성과 밀접한 관계가 있다는 사실을 명백하게 확인하였다. 성적 성가심 상황에서 성적 성가심에 대해 상대적으로 불쾌하다고 인식하는 정도가 높으면서 불쾌감을 표현하고 대응하는 수준은 상대적으로 낮은 여성들은 대인 의존도가 상대적으로 높았고, 반대로 성적성가심에 대해 상대적으로 불쾌하게 인식하는 정도가 상대적으로 낮으면서 불쾌감을 표현하며 대응하는 수준은 상대적으로 높은 여성들은 대인 의존도가 상대적으로 높게 나타났는데 이는 주목할만한 사실이다. 세째, 성장시 부모의 상호작용 유형이 성적 성가심과 같은 이성과의 상황에서의 여성들의 대응 반응과 밀접한 관련성이 있음을 발견하였다. 성장시 아버지가 지배적이고 어머니가 순종적인 특성이 뚜렷한 가정에서 성장한 여성들은 부모의 상호작용 유형이 동등한 가정 분위기에서 양육된 여성들에 비해 성적 성가심 상황에서 불쾌함을 표현하며 상대에게 대응하는 수준(강도)자체가 훨씬 낮았고, 성적 성가심에 대해 자신이 불쾌하게 생각하는 정도보다 상대적으로 훨씬 약한 소극적인 대응반응을 보이는 사실도 확인되었다. 성적 성가심 상황에서 상대 남성에 대한 여성들의 대응 반응은 성장시 남성인 아버지에 대한 여성인 어머니의 태도 및 행동의 재현(reenactment)현상으로 나타났다고 해석할 수 있다. 이러한 발견은 특히 동성인 부모가 성역활 사회화의 가장 강력한 모델이라는 학습 이론가들의 주장을 거듭 뒷받침하여 준다.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.103-121
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' beliefs regarding their toddlers' temperament, including what they believe constitutes desirable and undesirable behavior, and their resulting reactions. Data were collected int the process of interviewing 50 Korean mothers of toddlers (whose average age was 34.1 Months, and of which 54% were boys). Results revealed that mothers considered 'High-Sociality', 'Positive Affect' and 'High-Effortful Control' as desirable temperaments, whereas 'Negative Affect', 'Under-Effortful Control' and 'Low Sociality' were considered to be undesirable temperaments for toddlers. Mothers cited the importance of child 'Sociality' and 'Development', 'Easiness of Parenting' and 'Child Happiness' as the reasons for their beliefs. While, they considered 'Negative Affect', 'Under-Effortful Control' and 'Low Sociality' to be undesirable temperaments, citing 'Sociality', 'Difficulty of Parenting', 'Development' and 'Child Safety' as the reasons. Finally, mothers were more likely to give verbal encouragement or physical encouragement such as hugging, in responding to desirable behavior on the part of their child, whereas they were more likely to give firm inhibition, reasoning or inconsistent reaction to their child's undesirable behavior. Many of the mothers' beliefs varied depending on the child's gender. Results were discussed in relation to cultural perspectives.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.23-45
• /
• 2010

The purposes of this study were to explore the level of emotional availability of working mothers and their 24~48month-olds (67 dyads: 33 boys and 34 girls) in child care centers and to examine the relationship between the mother-child emotional availability and the related variables of working mothers and their children. Emotional Availability Scales (EA, 3rd edition) developed by Biringen, Z., Robinson, J., & and Emde, R.N. (1998) was used. Mother's work-family conflict, maternal parenting stress, and maternal depression, temperament of child, personal background were measured. The results of this study were as follows: The level of mother-child emotional availability was above in the middle level. There were significant differences in the mother-child emotional availability by maternal educational level and family income level, and significant negative correlation between maternal parenting stress and mother-child emotional availability. There was significant difference in the mother-child emotional availability by the starting point of child care experience. Mother-child emotional availability were significantly explained by family income level, maternal parenting stress, and the starting point of child care experience.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.97-107
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mother's interactive responsiveness and infant's communication. The participants of this study were 64 pairs of infants aged 13 to 24 months and their mothers. The infants' communication and their mother's interactive responsiveness were observed during mother-infant's free play for 10 minutes. The mother's interactive responsiveness was analysed on the basis of turn-taking and gaze. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. It was found that the communication of infants aged 13 to 24 months developed rapidly with a certain tendency. Mothers' interactive responsiveness increased significantly with infants' age group. The relationship between mother's interactive responsiveness and infant's communication was significant.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.155-171
• /
• 2015

The purposes of this study were firstly, to examine the emergence of complex strategies for emotional regulation in 3 and 4 years old children, and secondly, to analyze the corresponding relationship of the preschoolers' strategies for emotional regulation and their mothers' responses. The subjects comprised 66 preschoolers(33 boys, 33 girls) and their mothers in J city. The results were as follows. First, the preschoolers' strategies for emotional regulation in frustrating episodes occurred in the following order; instrumental behaviors, cognitive reappraisal, distraction behaviors, and comforting behaviors. Second, the mother's responses to frustrating episodes occurred in the following order; cognitive reappraisal, instrumental behaviors, comforting behaviors, and distraction behaviors. Third, the corresponding relationship of the preschooler's strategies for emotional regulation and the mothers' responses to frustrating episodes were found to be of a similar patterns (e.g. preschoolers' cognitive reappraisal strategy and mothers' cognitive reappraisal response).

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.61 no.3
• /
• pp.205-228
• /
• 2009

The incestuous assault tends to remain a family secret and not easily be disclosed. Mothers of the victims are usually regarded as the responsible person holding the key to decide whether it should be disclosed or not. Sometimes, therefore, they are blamed with the charge of connivance. The purpose of this study was to explore the essence of mothers' experience of disclosing and to understand the subjective meaning given to this experience. Seven mothers of the female victims of incestuous assault were recruited and interviewed. The collected data was analyzed by hermeneutic phenomenological method. The essential theme of the mothers' disclosing experiences could be summarized as "overcoming pain by going through pain". This major theme contained three sub-themes: "wanting to vent the deepest tormenting pain", "getting hurt again by disregard and indifference from others", "attempting to tear open the festering wound and to feel recovered". Mothers experienced the disclosing process as revisiting the hidden wound to find the meaning of the incident and to cultivate the necessary skill and power to overcome the pain. Especially, mother's disclosing process was characterized by constant restructuring of past trauma through mother's will and knowledge, acknowledging the unmodifiable past, interpreting other people's responses, and, finally, constantly interacting with sociocultural context. The study result stressed the importance of considering the whole array of difficulties and meanings experienced by mothers in the disclosing process. Social work services should provide more professional and sensitive care when mothers try to disclose the dark secret of incestuous assault.