• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

SSG (self-healing smart grouting) method, which is developed recently, has the characteristics such as an improvement of durability and waterproofing, prevention of leaching and pollution. In this study, we performed several tests such as gel-time measurement, uniaxial compression test, permeability test, fish poison test and chemical resistance test to compare the engineering properties of SSG with the other chemical grouting method (LW, SGR). As results of tests, the SSG method has low possibility of groundwater and ground pollution caused by leaching, furthermore, it has advantages like long/short term waterproofing, strength and durability. Therefore the SSG method can be applicable in the fields as an alternative of existing chemical grouting methods with problems.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2007

The effect of aspirin on the recovery of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in cultured eels (Anguilla japonica) was studied. Methemoglobinemia was induced by exposing eels to nitrite (120 ㎎ NO2-N/ℓ) for 24 hr. The nitrite exposed eels were bathed in 20 ppm aspirin solution (Aspirin), 0.8 % NaCl solution (NaCl), 20 ppm aspirin plus 0.8% NaCl solution (NaCl + Aspirin) and 50% nitrite free water(control) for 24 hr to recover from nitrite toxicity. Peripheral blood was taken from the arterious bulb from all groups to analyse hematocrit value, hemoglobin concentration, and nitrite concentration of the blood. Histopathological features of gill were also observed. Aspirin and control groups were more effective than NaCl and NaCl + Aspirin groups in recovery of hematocrit value and hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin rate and nitrite concentration. The histopathological features on the gill of aspirin group were similar to those of normal eels, but other groups showed focal hyperemia in the lamellar carpillaries, epithelial hyperplasia. These results suggested that aspirin was very effective to recover from methemoglobinemia in nitrite-induced cultured eels.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate detoxifying enzyme activities of carboxylesterase(CE), glutathione S-transferase(GST) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) at variable toxicity levels in fresh water fish, carp(Cyprinus carpio L.). The carp was exposed to single and combined pesticides of IBP, isoprothiolane and cartap for 48 hr at sublethal doses, $LC_{10}$ and $LC_{26}$. The detoxifying enzyme activities were assayed for the liver, head and gut of the carp. The enzyme activities we discovered were as follows: Both activities of CE and GST were increased at the sublethal doses but were declined by increasing doses. In the gut, we found that the CE activity had high levels in the treatment groups of isoprothiolane+IBP and isoprothiolane+cartap. In the head, the CE activity had high levels in the treatment groups of cartap, IBP and isoprothiolane. However, the GST activities were inconsistent in the head and gut of the fish. Also, the GST activity was declined by increasing protein contents. The highest LDH activity was shown in the isoprothiolane treated fish, while the lowest activity was observed in the isoprothiolane+cartap treatment.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

In the southern sea of Korea, the culturing Rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, ranging from 16.3 to 20.1cm in body length were sampled to examine how serious parasitic infection is. As a result, they were infected with 10 to 31 individuals of Monogenea, Benedenia sp. The parasitic sites of fish body was trunk (81.8%), caudal peduncle (16.5%) and the other portion (1.6%), and where ulceration and bleeding were observed with a large amount of muscus. When the treatment with formalin and freshwater were performed to get rid of the parasite, they were exterminated after 8 and 20 minutes in 100% and 70% freshwater, respectively and were killed after 10, 15 and 20 mimutes in the seawater added with formalin to be 250 ppm, 200 ppm and 150 ppm, 200 ppm and 150 ppm, respectively. During the treatment for parasite extermination, the fish showing a serious illness were dead in the 100% freshwater, whereas toxicity caused by formalin treatment was not detected in this study. The former is probably due to failure in the osmotic regulation of Rock bream.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

생활하수, 공장폐수, 농경유출수에 의해 수생태계로 유입된 다양한 화학물질들은 수서곤충이나 어류와 같은 수생생물에게 나쁜 영향을 주곤 한다. 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀을 포함하는 많은 화학물질들이 내분비계 장애물질(EDCs)로 의심되고 있고, 그들은 환경속에서 서로 다른 혼합형태로 공존하기도 한다. 따라서 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀의 혼합물이 독성과 생식학적 반응에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 일본산 송사리의 수정란 치사율, 부화율 및 부화시간, 치어의 성장율 및 비텔로제닌 농도 등이 측정되었다. 수정된 지 24시간 이내의 수정란을 대조군, 양성대조군($17{\beta}-estradiol$), 그리고 서로 다른 농도의 비스페놀A와 노닐페놀의 혼합물에 부화 후 60일까지 유수식 조건하에 노출시켰다. 수정란${\sim}$치자어 단계에서는 대조군과 비교하여 실험군의 치사율 및 부화율, 부화시간에 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 부화 후 60일간의 노출 후 성장(길이, 무게)에 있어서도 비록 양성대조군에서 낮은 성장상태를 보였지만 다른 혼합물의 실험군들과는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편 체내 비텔로제닌 농도는 혼합물의 농도증가에 따라 증가하였으며 수컷의 경우 최저농도의 혼합물(Treatment A)을 제외한 실험군에서 농도증가에 따라 증가하였다. 반면 양성대조군의 경우 수컷이 발견되지 않았고 암컷 체내의 비텔로제닌 농도는 최고농도의 혼합물(Treatment D) 실험군과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 위 실험을 통해 각각의 내분비계 장애물질이 개별적으론 생식발달 및 비텔로제닌 유도에 무영향농도(NOEC)라 하더라도 혼합된 경우 영향이 나타날 수 있다는 것을 보여주었으며, 이는 수환경 내 다양한 화학물들의 혼합효과(combination effect)가 생태위해성평가를 좀더 면밀하게 하기 위해서 주의 깊게 고려되어야 한다고 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2017

Basic dyes such as malachite green and methylene blue have been used as disinfectants to control water fungal infections since the 1930s. However, after succeeding reports of carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation of the dye, their use was forbidden in lieu of public health. This study undertook to evaluate the therapeutic effect of sulfur solution processed by effective microorganisms (EM-PSS) against Saprolegnia parasitica infection, and its safety in fish. In vitro antifungal evaluation of EM-PSS inhibited the growth of S. parasitica mycelia at concentrations of 50 ppm or higher. The acute toxicity test of EM-PSS to the mud fish (Misgurnus mizolepis) measured a no effect concentration (NOEC) at 100 ppm, the lowest effect concentration (LOEC) at 125 ppm, and the half-lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) at 125 ppm in juvenile and 250 ppm in the immature stage. In addition, the ecotoxicity test of EM-PSS using Daphnia magna inhibited swimming of D. magna at concentrations of 100 ppm or less. Lastly, the EM-PSS prevented infection of S. parasitica to mud fish, at concentrations of 50 ppm. Furthermore, at 100 ppm concentration, the EM-PSS showed no acute toxicity on mud fish, nor any eco-toxic effects on D. magnano. Therefore, we conclude that carcinogenic disinfectants such as malachite green and methylene blue could be replaced by EM-PSS to remove S. parasitica in mud fish farming, and might be a potential eco-friendly disinfectant in aquaculture.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2014

This study is aimed to search the possibility of developmental toxicity test using the zebrafish from the pesticide. We selected herbicides alachlor and butachlor, reported for fish toxicity, and insecticide fipronil reported for the high fish toxicity and the honey bee risk among the pesticides with high usability for the examples of the pesticides in this experiment. In this study, we showed those effects on the zebrafish embryo development by exposing different kinds of pesticide with different concentration and exposed time periods. As a result, the rates of hatching and abnormality of the zebrafish embryo after treatments of alachlor were increased in 24-48 hpf group, and the juvenile fishes in every group exposed to $40{\mu}M$ or more of alachlor displayed sever morphological changes such as bent tails, edema and activity failures. In case of the butachlor, the rates of hatching and the abnormality in 24-48 hpf group were higher than the other groups exposed in different time periods. The fatality before hatching was high in $40{\mu}M$ or more of butachlor treatment, and entire zebrafish embryos in 48 hpf group died before hatching. All the living juvenile fishes showed morphological changes as like as the treatment of alachlor. The rate of hatching and the survival of the zebrafish embryo by the fipronil were higher than other pesticides. However, morphological changes such as bent tails were observed from the most of living juvenile fishes. Therefore, the effects of three different pesticides with different concentrations and exposing time periods on the development of zebrafish embryos showed that all the pesticides effects were proportional to the concentration, and exposing time periods may cause the morphological abnormality.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2009

인진호탕(茵蔯蒿湯)은 한의학에서 여러 가지 질환에 사용되어 왔다. 특히 간경의 습열(濕熱)로 인한 질환에 습열을 제거함으로써 증(證)의 완화에 많은 응용이 되어 왔다. 본 연구는 습열(濕熱)로 인한 질환중의 하나인 아토피 피부염에 그동안 응용이 적은 인진호탕(茵蔯蒿湯)을 실험적으로 응용함으로써 임상적인 가치를 가질 수 있는 지에 대한 기초연구를 진행하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 세포주는 rat leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells로 인진호탕(茵蔯蒿湯)은 알레르기와 관련된 사이토카인인 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-4를 용량의존적으로 억제하였지만 세포독성은 일으키지 않았다. 그리고 동물실험에서 인진호탕(茵蔯蒿湯)은 PCA반응에서 충분한 억제효과를 나타내었다. 또한 Compound 48/80으로 유도된 anaphylaxis shock도 용량 의존적으로 억제함이 밝혀졌다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2008

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes was selected to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos on survival rate, hatching rate, reproductivity and histopathological changes. Adult fish were exposed to CPF at concentrations of 20, 40, 80 and $160{\mu}g/L$, and the test duration was 4 weeks. An experiment with eggs was also performed under CPF exposure continued for 7 days covering from the fecundation to end-hatching stages. Survival rate of the adult medaka decreased in CPF $80{\mu}g/L$ and $160{\mu}g/L$ treatment groups compared with control, solvent control, $20{\mu}g/L$ or $40{\mu}g/L$L treatment group. Spontaneous start of feeding significantly decreased compared with the control (p < 0.01) when exposed to CPF at above 40 $\mu g/L$. Total spawning decreased by the 20 or $40{\mu}g/L$ CPF treatment compared with the control or solvent control in the test with eggs obtained from untreated adult medaka, and abnormal eggs increased in those CPF-treated groups. There were certain adverse effects at above $40{\mu}g/L$ determined from liver and gonad histological examinations. The results indicate that CPF has insignificant toxic effects in Japanese medaka at less than $20{\mu}g/L$ in long term exposure.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1999

Ozonization for rearing seawater in land-based culture system has recently been utilized for disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms and improvement of water quality. This study was conducted to examine the effects of total residual oxidants (TRO) in ozone-treated seawater on survival, blood parameters, osmolality and oxygen consumption, and gill tissue of the flounder. Paralichthys olivaceus. Experiments were carried out with the starved flounder of 12~19 cm in total length at $20^{\circ}C$. The 48-hr and 96-hr $LC_{50}$ for the flounder amounts to 26.4 ppb and 22.3 ppb, respectively. With increase of TRO concentration from 24 to 39 ppb, the values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and osmolality of the flounder with respect to exposure time were significantly elevated, however, the oxygen consumption rates decreased. In the case of the fish exposed to 13 ppb for 96 hrs, blood glucose increased with an elapse of exposure time, while survival rate was 100%. Death apparently resulted by massive destruction of gill lamellar epithelium, severe osmotic imbalance and the lack of oxygen uptake. The results of this experiment indicated that to protect aquaculture organisms, the ozone-treated seawater should not contain any residual oxidants, and that relatively long-term exposure to TRO of low concentration can impact on survival and physiological conditions of the flounder.