• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

Background: Galgeun-tang used in traditional Korean medicine, is a mixture of the medicinal plants Cinnamomi Ramulus, Ephedrae Herba and Puerariae Radix, and has been prescribed for the treatment of various ailments, including fever. Although the use of traditional medicinal herbs to treat diseases has recently increased, their safety and toxicity profiles incompletely elucidated. Thus, we evaluated Galgeun-tang's toxicity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods and Results: Galgeun-tang (1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats for 13 weeks, and then, they were maintained for 4 weeks without administration (recovery period). Their clinical signs, and hematological and urinary properties, were monitored. The results showed that Galgeun-tang administeration slightly increased serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and, aspartate aminotransferase levels. Additionally, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg Galgeun-tang significantly increased urinary bilirubn and protein levels of male and female rats, which were restored during the recovery period. Conclusions: The no-observed-adverse-effect level of orally administered Galgeun-tang was 4,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats, and no target organs were identified. In addition, 400 mg/kg was found to be the no-observed-effect level for toxicity under the study conditions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.332-339
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• 2020

Lentinus edodes (LE) is the first medicinal macrofungus to enter the realm of modern biotechnology. Lentinus edodes is well-known to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy in female rats, and the prevention and treatment efficacy of the climacteric disease the postmenopausal type I pattern was examined using the experimental substance. Female rats were either sham-operated (sham; n = 5) or surgically ovariectomized (OVX; five animals per group) and then administered to OVX control, raloxifene hydrochloride 1 mg/kg/day, or LE (20 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. LE treatment suppressed the ovariectomy-induced reduction of bone mineral density in the entire tibia as well as its metaphysis with a decrease of serum osteocalcin and interleukin-6 levels. In addition, LE is suggested to elevate the serum levels of progesterone hormones and prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. In conclusion, LE 200 mg/kg/day may have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis in OVX rats.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.234-247
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• 2013

This study was carried out to illuminate the floras of vascular plants of Mt. Eungbongsan in Yeongwol-gun. This study was conducted from April to October, 2011. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 89 families, 288 genera, 405 species, 3 subspecies, 43 varieties, and 7 forms, totally 458 taxa. 16 species were endemic to Korea such as Cirsium setidens, Saussurea macrolepis, Salvia chanroenica, Anemone koraiensis, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix dependens, Salix koriyanagi, Chrysosplenium flaviflorum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Lysimachia coreana, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis, Paulownia coreana, and Corydalis maculata. Ten taxa were rare plants as designated by Korea Forest Service such as Anemone koraiensis, Eranthis stellata, Aristolochia contorta, Rodgersia podophylla, Lysimachia coreana, Syringa wolfii, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, Salvia chanroenica, and Carpinus tshonoskii. Plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment in phytogeographic categories totaled 87 taxa including 39 taxa of grade I, 14 taxa of grade II, 19 taxa of grade III, 14 taxa of grade IV and 1 taxon grade V. Naturalized plants consisted of 8 families with 28 taxa that made up 6.1% of the total vascular plants in this area. Naturalized plants have not strongly influenced the Mt. Eungbongsan vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2011

The legally protected trees distributed in Gwangju City is 68 individuals belong to 9 taxa. Among the legally protected trees recorded in environment white paper, Quercus dentata located in Gwangsan-gu Eunnam-dong Shinga village must come to correct Quercus liena, Populus nigra var. italica of Byeokjin village of Seo-gu Byeokjin-dong change to Salix glandulosa and Pinus densiflora of Sukjung-dong, Nam-gu should be alter into Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. IPCC make an estimate the mean temperature multiplies best $6.4^{\circ}C$ and sea level of 59 cm rises and is warning that the North-Pole glacier may have melted mostly and 95% of bio-species on earth may falls at extinction crisis on the late 21th century. If apply IPCC estimate result to evaluate climate change vulnerability through the legally protected trees of Gwangju City, it should be estimated that mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of Gwangju City in the late 21th century result in higher than $3^{\circ}C$ as mean minimum temperature, January in Cheju Island at present. Therefore, it is estimate that the legally protected trees of Cheju Island such as Pinus thunbergii, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera and a evergreen broadleaf trees will grow up well in Gwangju City area in the late 21th century. The other hand, P. densiflora for. multicaulis and zelkova serrata as the legally protected trees that appear together in Seoul and Gwangju will be estimate by something to expose show vulnerability in region of Gwangju City.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2024

To reveal the feeding ecology of Rhynchocypris semotilus, the survey was conducted in Songhyeoncheon, Songhyeon-ri, Hyeonnae-myeon, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do in April 2022. As a result of analyzing the contents of the stomach using the index of relative importance (IRI), the important prey organisms were mainly Trichoptera (46.6%), Ephemeroptera (27.6%), Diptera (12.6%), Odonata (9.7%), Plecoptera (2.8%), Coleoptera (0.6%), and Hemiptera (0.1%) of Class Insecta, Phylum Arthropoda in that order. As a result of analyzing the trend by calculating the index of relative importance (IRI) for each age, it was found that those born in the same year mainly feed on relatively small Ephemeroptera and Diptera, but the proportion of these gradually decreases as they grow. And the proportion of relatively large Trichoptera and Odonata gradually increased, turning them into the most important food source for those over 3 years old. Additionally, prey size was the smallest at 2.8±2.5 (0.6 to 9.0) mm for individuals born in the same year, but gradually increased to 5.1±6.1 (1.1 to 17.0) mm for individuals born more than 3 years. As a result of examining prey selectivity, Plecoptera (+0.78), Trichoptera (+0.66), (+0.66), Coleoptera (+0.66), and Hemiptera (+0.03) showed positive selectivity, while Amphipoda (-1.00), Ephemeroptera (-0.24), Odonata (-0.13) and Diptera (-0.05) showed negative selectivity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

This study conducted a survey on flora at Mt. susdolbon(508m), Mt. seongjubong (625.3m), and Mt. sulibong(596.2m), located in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do. A total of 403 taxa, including 6 forms, 43 varieties, 4 subspecies, 350 species, 255 genera, and 84 families, were surveyed in the three mountain areas. 18 taxa from 5 families of ferns, 3 taxa from 1 family of gymnosperms, and the dicotyledonous plants as 302 taxa from 69 families of the dicotyledonous plants were identified. The remarkable plants included 11 taxa of the Korean endemic plants, such as Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Clematis trichotoma, Echinosophora koreensis, Vicia chosenensis, Salvia chanryoenica, and Hemerocallis hakuunensis. The rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, including Echinosophora koreensis as endangered species (EC), Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Epimedium koreanum, and Lilium cernuum. The Least Concern species (LC) were 13 taxa, including Persicaria orientalis, Exochorda serratifolia, Viola diamantiaca, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Trigonotis icumae. The invasive alien plants were 28 taxa, including Persicaria orientalis, Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, Cerastium glomeratum, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Amorpha fruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Oxalis dillenii, Euphorbia supina, and Oenothera biennis, accounting for 6.9 percent of the 403 taxa of the surveyed plants.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2015

As the Internet usage such as Web3.0, future internet, and internet of things increases, the big data through information exchange between the users and web servers increases. Analyzing those web data, the commercial web sites use the analytic results for marketing and campaign, and non-commercial web sites also use the results to improve the user's services satisfaction. In this paper, the quantitative index is presented to analyze the web sites, and optimized web site design method is also presented through the correlation analysis of index and significance test. From the results for 138 web sites, it is observed that strong plus(+) correlation for visits-unique visitors and page views-average visit duration exists. We also observe the minus(-) correlation between bounce rate and page views per user(or ratio of new visits). In specific, to reduce the bounce rate for users, the strategy to increase the page views and ratio of new visits rather than visits and unique visitors is needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2011

This study examined the different growth rate of larval salamander Hynobius leechii by the predation risk. We collected salamander's eggs from Mountain Inwang. Eggs were treated by two different conditions: (1) cue - which had a predation risk three times a day; (2) no cue - which had no predation risk. Predation risk was conducted by using chemical cue from Chinese minnows. The chemical cue treatment started from the next day after the collection and ended one week after the hatching. Between the first week and the second week after the hatching we fed salamander larvae with tubifex ad. libitium. After the treatment phase, we measured snout - vent length of the each larva on the first week and the second week after the hatching. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the growth rate by the predation risk. From these results we found that predation risk can cause the different growth rate to the larval salamander and these changes could be affect their mortality.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2019

Background: Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of hematuresis and uterine bleeding in Korea. It has been reported to have anti-obesity, anti-diabetes and anti-inflammaotry effect by regulating the inflammatory signaling pathway. However, the preventive effect of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb on gastritis has not been elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of the water extract of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb (APW) using HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis rat models. Method and Results: Gastritis was induced in rats by HCl/EtOH administration. The rats in each group were orally administered with two doses of APW (100 and 500 mg/kg). Omeprazole was used as a positive control drug. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels in stomach. The treatment with 500 mg/kg APW reduced the gastric ulcer area. The APW treatment prevented a decreased in $PGE_2$ concentration induced by HCl/EtOH in rats. In the micronucleus test, the ratio of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes to polychromatic erythrocytes showed no significant change in the APW-treated group compared with the control group. Conclusions: These results indicate that APW could be used to prevent the gastritis caused by the HCl/EtOH-induced damage to stomach lining. In addition, the APW treatment showed no significant change in results of the micronucleus test. However, further experiments are required to determine how APW influenced the secretion of mucus and gastric acid using the chromosome aberration test and bacterial reverse mutation assay.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.282-289
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• 2019

Gastritis is an inflammatory disease involving the stomach and is caused by several factors, including stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, liquor, and Helicobacter pylori. In Korea, Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn (LJW) has been used as traditional medicine for vaginal bleeding, hematuria, and bruise. Previous studies have reported that LJW exhibited hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-hyperlipidemic effect. However, the effect of the water extract of LJW on gastritis was not elucidated. Thus, we evaluated the anti-gastric effect and genotoxicity of LJW. LJW effectively prevented the degeneration of surface mucous cells and glandular epithelial cells and vascular congestion induced by HCl/EtOH. Micronucleus assay indicated that the rate of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes/polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different compared that of the control. Further experiments are required to determine the role of LJW in the gastric injury process such as cyclooxygenase signaling pathway and the secretion of mucus in the stomach.