• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.671-679
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• 2016

Extracts from spinach, cabbage, and onion are known to possess various instructive characteristics, including antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities. Spinach, cabbage, and onion are consumed worldwide and represent important sources of dietary phytochemicals with proven antioxidant properties, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Food-derived flavonoids and phenolic compounds are expected to be promising drugs for cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of methanol extracts of spinach, cabbage, and onion on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human gastric and breast cancer cells. Proliferation rates of AGS, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The methanol extracts of spinach, cabbage, and onion inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining revealed that chromatin condensation significantly increased compared with the control. In the results of MTT assay and DAPI staining, onion extract was the most effective in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. To assess changes in protein expression level by onion extract, we identified Bax (pro-apoptotic), Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein by western blot analysis. The expression of Bax and cleaved-PARP increased, whereas expression of Bcl-2 was decreased compared with the control. These results suggest that spinach, cabbage, and onion extracts suppressed growth of human gastric cancer AGS, human breast cancer MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cells through induction of apoptosis. Among the extracts, onion extract had stronger anti-cancer and apoptosis induction effects than spinach and cabbage extracts. Further, onion extract more effectively induced apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells than human breast cancer cells. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the anti-cancer effects of onion extracts in vivo. Onion extract can be developed as a chemopreventive or therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

Plant samples from 49 sites for Chinese cabbage, 28 sites for radish, 16 sites for cabbage, 8 sites for head lettuce, 20 sites for onion from farmers' and experimental fields in highland of Korea were collected and analyzed to find out the uptake patterns of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by altitude. Dry weight and uptake of N, P and K were increased at higher altitude in most vegetable crops. Nutrition uptake by Chinese cabbage was 163 ~ 283 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 42 ~ 69 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$ and 146 ~ 270 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Nutrient uptake by radish according to altitude was 153~159 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 38 ~ 46 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 151 ~ 185 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$. In case of cabbage, the plant uptakes of N, P, and K were increased at altitudes of 600 ~ 1,000 m. Nutrient uptake of cabbage was 280 ~ 348 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 34 ~ 87 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 209 ~ 290 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by head lettuce at an altitude of 800 ~ 850 m were 93-26-126 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by onions at an altitude of 600 ~ 800 m were 313-140-234 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, but there was no tendency in nutrition uptake patterns by altitude. Small cultivation areas used for leaf vegetable crops do not have fertilizer recommendation standards in alpine regions. It might be preferable to use a correction factor equivalent to the index of available nutrient uptake for the determination of N, P and K fertilizer application rates.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 2004

Effects of cucumber and tomato seed germination by previous leaf and root vegetables (cabbage, radish, welsh onion, lettuce) residue in soil were tested in pot condition. Overall, suppression effect of welsh onion residue was the greatest in 4 tested crop residue and followed by radish, cabbage and lettuce, but lettuce residue didn't have effect on cucumber seed germination. Suppression were maintained ca. 20 days but after the time point, growth of cucumber and tomato were enhanced. Enhancing effect of welsh onion residue was the greatest in 4 tested crops residues and followed by radish, cabbage and lettuce. As a conclusion, residue of welsh onion, radish and cabbage were suppressed the germination of cucumber and tomato seeds but enhanced growth after 20 days of treatment. To verify the effective concentration of residue on suppression of germination and growth of radicle of cucumber and tomato, plant extract of welsh onion, radish, cabbage and lettuce were diluted as 5, 10, 17, 23, 35, 50, and $65\%$, and then tested. In low concentration treatment, 5, 10, 17, and $23\%$, all 4 crop extracts didn't suppress cucumber seed germination. High concentration of lettuce extract, 35, 50, and $65\%$, cucumber seed didn't germinate at all. In case of welsh onion extract, only $65\%$ treatment suppressed cucumber seed germination. In low concentration treatment, 17, and $23\%$, only the welsh onion extract suppressed young radicle. In case of high concentration treatment, except $35\%$, all four crops extract suppressed cucumber radicle growth. In low concentration treatment, tomato seed germination was suppressed by lettuce extract only but in high concentration treatment, 35, 50, and $65\%$, all extracts suppressed germination. Especially higher than $50\%$ treatment, tomato seed didn't germinate at all. Radicle growth was highly suppressed in welsh onion and lettuce extract, higher than $23\%$ concentration. As conclusion, leaf and root vegetable extracts suppressed cucumber and tomato seed germination and in high concentration, also suppressed radicle growth.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.129-132
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• 2014

A new resistant cabbage variety 'CT-171' to Fusarium wilt was bred by crossing $A337MSBC_5$ with resistance to the disease and 397-$G_6$ with good density and color. 'CT-171' was selected after combining ability, seed gathering and regional adaptability test in 2008. For breeding of resistant varieties, we investigated the development of Fusarium wilt on cabbage seedlings inoculated with Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. conglutinans by root dipping inoculation method. As a result, 'CT-171' showed higher resistance to Fusarium wilt than 'Asiaball' used as control. The maturity of new variety was 58 days and was faster than control and well suited for autumn cultivation because of cold resistance. The anthocyanin pigment of plant was not revealed. The weight, height and width of head were 1.5 kg, 14 cm and 15 cm, respectively and the core size was 5.7 cm and stable in various cultivation environments. 'CT-171' which showed good agricultural character and resistance to Fusarium wilt filed for variety protect right in Korea Seed & Variety Service on February 2013. The new variety will be appropriate for export and domestic consumption.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2017

Our aim was to find the effective duration and culture conditions for microspore culture in a genetically variant cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. var. capitata). We discovered that the '$2{\times}NLN$ medium containing $AgNO_3$ 1 mg/l, sucrose 13%' was most efficient in producing the cabbage embryos. The number of induced embryos was higher in $F_2$ or $F_3$ progeny generation than the $F_1$ hybrid cultivar used as plant materials. Thus, we recommend microspore culturing using progeny plants of failed $F_1$ cultivar. The acquisition ratio of embryos and plants derived from microspore was higher in the early flowering period as compared to the late flowering period. When transplanted in the soil, 71.2% plants developed from the early flowering period, compared to 27.0% from the middle period and 1.8% plants from the late period. Thus, we recommend microspore culture using buds collected during the early flowering period.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.191-205
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• 1998

Among cauliflower, ‘Snow king’ and ‘Snow crown’, which are early maturing cultivars, showed active early vegetative growth. However, ‘Snow dress’ showed good curd characteristics and in marketability, ‘Green beauty’was superior and can also be grown in Cheju. All the cauliflower and broccoli Plots transplanted on Sep. 3 and on Sep. 17 had fewer number of days from the planting date to the harvesting date than did the plots transplanted on Oct. 1. h the case of broccoli, those transplanted on Oct. 1 had the highest marketability. In the case of cauliflower cultivars, ‘Snow dress’a late maturing cultivar, demonstrated the greatest reduction in growing stage when cultivated in an unheated plastic film houses and broccoli, growing stage is similar between those grown in an open field and those grown in unheated plastic film houses. For all the cauliflower and broccoli, the contents of vitamin A and C showed no significant difference between those grown in an open field and those grown in unheated plastic film houses.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2002

To find out the optimum nitrogen fertilization levels for the leafy vegetables in volcanic ash soils of Cheju island, fertilization effects on chinese cabbage chinese and cabbage were investigated through pot and field experiments. In pot experiment conducted with two volcanic ash soils of Cheju island, optimum rates of nitrogen fertilizer was ranged from 294 to $331kg\;ha^{-1}$ for chinese cabbage. At field experiment with one volcanic soil, the optimum N fertilizer was $331kg\;ha^{-1}$. On the basis of soil organic matters, fertilizer recommendation formula for cabbage, could be established by using 1.03 of comparison factors (F) compared with chinese cabbage : y=344.54-0.285x for chines cabbage, y= 354.88-0.294x for cabbage, where y is the recommendation amount of nitrogen fertilizer with x g $kg^{-1}$ of organic matter in soil. Actual optimum rate of nitrogen fertilizer for chinese cabbage under field condition was much more similar to the value caluculated by the revised nitrogen recommendation formula than the amount of nitrogen fertilizer recommended by the current formula in volcanic ash soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.594-598
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and frequency of food-borne pathogens in unprocessed Products such as grains, tubers, vegetables, and seaweeds. Three hundred and twenty seven samples were purchased from the retail market and the supermarket in the Kyonggi-do and Seoul areas, and washed with running tap water for 4 minutes. The total aerobic bacteria count was approximately 2 to 6 log CFU/g and the highest counts were 6 log CFU/g far lettuce and sesame leaf. The coliform count showed 1-5 log CFU/g and the highest counts were 4 log CFU/g for lettuce and carrot. Escherichia coli was detected in seven samples of white rice, sweet potato, lettuce, sesame leaf, and cabbage. Clostridium perfringens was detected in six samples of brown seaweed, laver, lettuce, and sweet potato. However, Bacillus cereus contamination was found in more than 30% of brown rice, carrot, sweet potato, lettuce and sesame leaf samples, and some of these showed contamination of more than 2.0 log CFU/g. Therefore, these results suggest that pretreatment with sanitizer to remove Bacillus cereus in such products is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.628-634
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the quality of pre-processed vegetables used in school and institutional food-services. Pre-processed food materials (carrot, potato, and cabbage) frequently used in food-service were collected from 14 various processing company sources. The sensory and physico-chemical qualities of the pre-processed food materials were determined using sensory and instrumental analysis. For the physico-chemical analysis of the food materials, pH, total acidity, hardness, Hunter colorimeter value, reducing sugar and vitamin C content were determined. For the sensory quality evaluation, 15 panelist were trained and consensus was reached on the quality standards of the preprocessed materials (carrot, potato, and cabbage). Finally, appearance, color, texture, off-odor/taste, and overall quality were determined. In the physico-chemical analysis, there were no significant differences among samples collected from various processing companies. In sensory quality evaluations, the color quality of pre-processed potato was lower than that of other materials. From the coefficient correlations and partial least squares regression analysis between sensory and instrumental data, pH, total acidity, colorimeter values, and hardness were considered important components in assessing the quality of pre-processed vegetables.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effect of row covering materials on the growth and yield of broccoli for early production in the open meld. Materials for plastic tunnel were row-covering (ventilating non-woven fabric), perforated film (2.3％ pore space) and P.E. film. The types of row covers were tunnel and covering period was one months after transplanting. The row cover and perforated film increased daily air and soil temperature by 3~4$^{\circ}C$ and 2~3$^{\circ}C$, respectively as compared to no covering. Also, relative humidities in those treatments were higher than those in P.E. and no covering. The row covering and perforated film enhanced plant growth. Broccoli grew best and abnormal head appeared the least with row covering treatment. Days taken for head formation, however, did not differ between treatments but the weight of curd was over 400 g in the treatment of row covering and perforated film covering. Marketable yield doubled under row covering as compared to no covering. The first harvest time was earlier by two weeks in row-covering. The results of this experiment indicated that covering row-cover film in spring cultivation was effective fer not only yield increase but also quality evaluation in early production of broccoli.