• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.610-620
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• 2000

Vinyl acetate (VAc) was polymerized at 30, 40, and 5$0^{\circ}C$ using 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) as the initiator and the solvent, respectively. High molecular weight (HMW) atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was prepared by saponifying the poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) synthesized. The effect of polymerization conditions were investigated in terms of conversion, degree of branching for acetyl group of PVAc, and molecular weight of both PVAc and PVA. The polymerization rate of VAc in TBA was proportional to the 0.49th power of ADMVN concentration in good accordance with the theoretical value of 0.5. HMW-PVA with high yield could be obtained successfully, probably due to lower polymerization temperature and decreased chain transfer reaction rate which was achieved by adopting ADMVN and TBA. PYAc having average degree of polymerization (P$_{n}$) of 10000~13000 was obtained at the conversion of 35~70%. Saponification of so prepared PVAc yielded PVA having P$_{n}$ of 2400~6100. The syndiotactic diad content increased with decreasing polymerization temperature and increasing VAc concentration due to a steric hindrance effect of TBA during polymerization.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.550-561
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the short term effects of early intervention on alcohol knowledge, alcohol expectancies, drinking refusal self-efficacy for alcoholism prevention in adults and to examine its applicability in the field. This study was a non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design. The participants were currently working, and were 12-25 points on result of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT). The participants were a total of 25 men: 13 in the intervention group and 12 in the control group. The intervention group participated in early intervention program once a week for 4 weeks and the control group received only a booklet of alcohol related information. A chi-square test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. The intervention group had significantly higher the alcohol knowledge(t=1.258, p= .002), the negative alcohol expectancies(t=-1.346, p= .042), and the drinking refusal self-efficacy(t=2.817, p= .010) than the control group. In the future, it is need to apply the criteria of problem drinkers considering cultural characteristics, recruitment of participants, and motivational enhancement intervention using motivational interviewing. Especially, web-based alcohol related information providing program will help raise awareness of problem drinking. Early intervention program needs to be applied in community settings where problem drinkers are easily accessible.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.148-148
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• 2010

본 연구는 서울시 지역주민을 대상으로 스트레스, 우울, 문제음주 간의 인과관계를 검증하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구는 서울시 S구이며, 전체 17개동에서 만 19세 이상인 남녀 주민을 층화집락추출법을 통해 표집된 1234명을 대상으로 하는 면접식 단면조사연구를 수행하였다. 구조방정식 모형을 사용하였으며, 측정모형에서 우울, 알코올장애의 내생잠재변수와 외생잠재변수인 스트레스 및 인구학적 변수(성, 연령, 결혼상태)를 이론변수로 설정하여 이들 간의 상관관계를 추정하였다. 또한 문제음주를 최종내생변인으로 우울을 매개변인으로 설정한 상태에서 경로분석을 실시하여 각 변인들의 상대적 중요성에 대한 평가를 시도하였다. 문제음주에 영향을 미치는 변수는 여성보다는 남성이($\beta=-6.64$, p < .001), 연령이 낮을수록($\beta=-.08$, p < .001), 스트레스가 높을수록($\beta=-.08$, p < .001), 미혼이 기혼($\beta=-1.15$, p < .05)의 순으로 경로계수가 유의하였다. 우울에 미치는 영향력은 스트레스($\beta=-.56$, p < .001)와 문제음주정도($\beta=-.15$, p < .001)의 순으로 경로계수가 유의하였다. 이상과 같이 우울이 직접적으로 문제음주에 영향을 주기보다는 스트레스로 인하여 문제음주가 유발될 수 있고 문제음주를 경유하여 우울에 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때 문제음주는 스트레스와 우울과 관련성이 크므로 우선적으로 스트레스를 적극적으로 관리하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 알코올과 관련한 통제정책으로 절대적인 음주량을 감소시키는 것이 필요하며, 문제음주자를 조기 발견하여 정신건강에 문제로 발전하지 않도록 하는 예방프로그램의 개발이 시급하다 하겠다.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.72-85
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• 2023

Purpose: The aims of this study were to identify the psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder and to assess the effects of those interventions. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, KoreaMed, KMBASE, RISS, KISS, Science ON, and DBpia to identify studies reported in English or Korean from 2012 to 2021. Results: From the 4,051 studies extracted, 14 studies were selected for review. The majority of the psychosocial interventions were focused on cognitive therapy or cognitive-behavior therapy. Most of the studies reported that the interventions made positive effects on alcohol consumptions. In addition, the psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder were effective on coping, support, alcohol avoidance behavior, and hostility bias. Most of the studies reporting positive effects of psychosocial intervention programs applied computers, mobile phones, or similar electronic devices. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review suggest that the use of computers or mobile devices in psychosocial intervention programs will be effective. It can be said that this systematic review reflects the current trends involving the development of information and communication technology. This systematic review can provide basic data for establishing evidence and suggesting future directions for psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.211-214
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• 2001

최근 입자를 이용한 색전술의 재료로서 광범위하게 사용되는 폴리비닐알코올(poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)) 입자는 전형적인 혼성배열(atactic)이다[1]. 제조된 PVA 입자가 고내구성 및 혈액내에서 안정성을 나타내기 위해서는 중합된 PVA 입자의 분자량 뿐만 아니라 교대배열성(syndiotacticity)도 커야 한다. 교대배열기(sydiotactic group)를 풍부하게 함유하고 있는 고분자량의 PVA를 제조하기 위해서는 고분자량의 교대배열성 전구체가 얻어지도록 입체장애를 일으키는 에스테르기를 보유하고 있는 단량체를 사용하거나 중합방법을 개선하는 것이 필요하다. (중략)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2020

Alcohol impacts many central nervous systems, such as dopamine, serotonin, opioids, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to addiction. Many studies have investigated the relationship between GABA and alcoholism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GABA high and low rice intake on the alcohol intake behavior of mice. Black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGE), black sticky rice (BSR), giant embryo rice (GER), and rice (Rice) were germinated for 48 hr in brown rice. The embryos were then collected and used in the study. The diets were fed to respective C57BL/6 mouse groups ad libitum for 16 days and investigated for 2 hr alcohol intake, 22 hr water intake, 24 hr feed intake, and body weight. As a result of the repeated measure of ANOVA for the daily change of alcohol intake for 2 hr daily between the BSRGE and BSR groups, there was a significant difference in the number of days of intake (DF = 7, F = 4.812, p = 0.026). A significant daily decrease in alcohol intake was observed in the BSRGE group compared to the BSR group. This reduction was consistent from Day 10 to Day 16. Alcohol consumption also significantly decreased in the GER group compared to the Rice group. This decrease was observed from Day 12 to Day 16. In conclusion, BSRGE and GER resulted in decreased alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice compared to BSR and rice. This suggests that BSRGE may prevent relapse in patients with alcohol use disorder.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1551-1560
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• 2017

The aim of this review is to analyze the trend of using Virtual Reality (VR) in addiction treatment by categorizing the types of addictions and methods of Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) for substance use disorders. VR has been utilized as a new paradigm for treating various mental and psychological problems. In recent years, a number of researches have been done to demonstrate the effectiveness of VRT for addiction treatment, specifically substance use disorders. In order to comprehend the tendency of these researches, the current study performed a systematic review of published book and journal articles using the following bibliographical databases: ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Embase. Forty-five (45) articles were retrieved; out of these researches, nicotine/smoking has garnered the highest number of studies (73%, n=33); alcohol (18%, n=8); cannabis/marijuana (2%, n=1); and other drugs such as heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine (7%, n=3). This paper analyzed the results of those studies, found some limitations as well as strengths, and made suggestions for further research on VRT for addiction treatment.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2018

Purpose: The present study aimed to review the characteristics of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs for alcohol use disorders and to examine the outcomes of such programs. Methods: We searched for domestic and foreign studies that implemented a CBT program for alcohol use disorders, published from 2006 to 2017. Studies that met inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected and a quality assessment was performed using the Risk of Bias (RoB) and Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) instruments. We utilized a five-stage analysis process, through which nine experimental studies were selected. Results: Of these nine studies, four were randomized controlled trials, four used a quasi-experimental design, and one used a qualitative design. The CBT involved the three domains of cognitive reconstruction, problem solving, and coping. Coping with drinking situations and communication constituted most of the sessions. The outcomes of such interventions showed that CBT had a positive effect on alcohol use and self-evaluation. Conclusion: CBT is an effective way to change alcohol use behaviors, motivation, interpersonal relationships, emotional control, and self-efficacy among patients with alcohol use disorders. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of CBT-based programs for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.215-226
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of general, health, and alcohol-related characteristics on blood pressure and stress according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Methods: This was a descriptive study. From participants in the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 319 participants who responded to the survey when they were attending college or university were selected. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 23.0 program for composite sample data reflecting the composite design elements of stratification, colonization, and weighting. Results: Mean age of onset of alcohol drinking was $17.91{\pm}0.16$ years, the average AUDIT score was $7.56{\pm}0.41$, and 25 (9.1%) participants fell into the high-risk drinking group. In the high-risk AUDIT group, systolic blood pressure was influenced by age, gender, institution, health status, body mass index, and suicidal ideation, and the explanatory power of the model ($R^2$) was 75.0%. For diastolic blood pressure, institution and health status were the influential factors, and $R^2$ was 66.2%. Predictors of stress were health status, depression, and the age of onset of drinking, and $R^2$ was 57.2%. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the explanatory power of the variables in models of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and stress is greater in those with higher scores on AUDIT.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1998

We provide the reader with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of neuropeptides. Several comprehensive reviews of the distribution and neurochemical, neurophysiological, neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of the major neuropeptides have recently appeared. In reviews of the large number of neuropeptides in brain and their occurance in brain regions thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, investigators have sought to determine whether alternations in neuropeptide systems are associated with schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism and neurodegenerative disease. There is no longer any doubt that neuropeptide-containing neurons are altered in several neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the factors that has hindered neuropeptide research to a considerable extent is the lack of pharmacological agents that specifically alter the synaptic availability of neuropeptides. With the exception of naloxone and naltrexone, the opiate-receptor antagonists, there are few available neuropeptide- receptor antagonists. Two independent classes of neuropeptide-receptor antagonists has been expected to be clinically useful. Naltrexone, a potent ${\mu}$-receptor antagonist, has been used successfully to reduce the need for alcohol consumption. And cholecycstokinin antagonists are now in development as a new class of anxiolytics, which would be expected to be free from tolerance and physical dependence and lack of sedation. In this review, we deal with these two kinds of neuropeptide system, the opioid system and cholesystokinins in the brain. The role of opioid systems in the reinforcement after alcohol consumtion and that of cholesystokinins in the pathogenesis of anxiety will be discussed briefly. As we know, the future for neuropeptides in psychiatry remains bright indeed.